| 1 Samuel 19 | |
|---|---|
 "Michal lets David escape from the window". A painting by Gustave Doré, 1865. | |
| Book | First book of Samuel |
| Hebrew Bible part | Nevi'im |
| Order in the Hebrew part | 3 |
| Category | Former Prophets |
| Christian Bible part | Old Testament |
| Order in the Christian part | 9 |
1 Samuel 19 is the nineteenth chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible.[1] According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan,[2] but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE.[3][4] This chapter contains the account of David's escape from Saul's repeated attempts to kill him.[5][6] This is within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 which records the rise of David as the king of Israel.[7]
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 24 verses.
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[8] Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q52 (4QSamb; 250 BCE) with extant verses 10–13, 15–17.[9][10][11][12]
Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[13][a]
David became a member of Saul's household with his marriage to Michal, but that did not stop Saul trying to kill David as Saul openly shared this plan with his trusted servants (verse 1). Ironically the loyalty of Saul's own children, Jonathan and Michal, saved David from Saul's further attempts.[5]
Saul's renewed plans to kill David were now brought into the open (verse 1), but Jonathan became David's conciliator, reminding Saul that David was innocent and his success was YHWH's victory, so Saul should not kill a person endowed with divine power like David.[15] Saul listened and promised under divine oath not to kill David (verse 5), then accepted David again in his court. However, after David achieves another victory over the Philistines, Saul's anger was aroused again (verses 8–10), that he again tried to pin David to the wall with javelin, but one more time David managed to escape.[5][15]
After an unsuccessful attempt to kill David with his spear, Saul set guard around David's residence with the order to kill David the next morning (verse 11). David's wife, Michal, warned him of her father's evil plan (verse 11), helped him to escape (verse 12), and to give him time using a makeshift mannequin consisting of a "teraphim", a garment and goats' hair (as a 'wig') to confirm the impression that he was sick in bed (verses 13–17).[15] A point is made that David was saving his own life (verse 11) and that Michal, so as not to displease her father, was not participating in the escape, but in obedience to David only assisted him in executing it (verse 17), thus she was loyal to both sides.[5] David went to meet Samuel in his home base (1 Samuel 7:17) and they journeyed together to Naioth in Ramah area, which was a prophetic center, just like Nob was a priestly center.[5] Saul sent three groups of messengers but each was 'seized by prophetic frenzy', which also happened to Saul himself when he decided to go to Naioth, in a deliberate act to defy YHWH, even when he had the same experience before (1 Samuel 10:12; 11:6).[5][18]
