1st century in Lebanon
Key event(s):
Birth of Christianity, Year of the Four Emperors
Herakles with the Apples of the Hesperides, Roman statue dating back to the 1st century CE, from a temple at Byblos, Lebanon.
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This article lists historical events that occurred between 1–100 in modern-day Lebanon or regarding its people.

Administration

Kingdom at the Beqaa

Map of Roman Palestine in the first century; according to Conder (1889)

in AD 39, the district of Iturea[a] was given by Caligula to a certain Soemus,[b] he was also known as the tetrarch of Lebanon by the Romano-Jewish historian Josephus.[4] Soemus reigned until his death in AD 49, when his kingdom was incorporated into the province of Syria (Tacitus, Annals, xii. 23).

Coin of Herod of Chalcis, showing him with his brother Agrippa of Judaea crowning Roman Emperor Claudius I.

In AD 41, at Herod Agrippa's request, his brother Herod was given Chalcis in the Beqaa Valley, with its center of worship being Baalbek,[5] and allowed the title of basileus by Claudius.[6] King Herod of Chalcis reigned until his death in AD 48, whereupon his kingdom was given to Agrippa's son Agrippa II, though only as a tetrarchy.[7][8]

In the Acts of the Apostles 12.20, in which Herod Agrippa is 'depicted as a typical persecuting tyrant', it is mentioned that the king furiously quarrelled with the people of Sidon and Tyre, and forbade the export of food to them. As they were dependent on delivery of food from Judea, and Judea was affected by famine, the two cities joined and sought an audience with him. After they secured support of Blastus, a trusted personal servant of the king, they asked for peace, because they depended on the king's country for their food supply.[9]

Agrippa II expended large sums in beautifying Berytus (ancient Beirut), a Hellenised city in Phoenicia. His partiality for the Lebanese city rendered him unpopular amongst his Jewish subjects.[10][11] He was forced to give up the tetrarchy of Chalcis in AD 53, but in exchange Claudius made him ruler with the title of king over the territories previously governed by Philip the Tetrarch (Batanea, Trachonitis and Gaulanitis), and Lysanias (Abilene).[12][13][14]

Reign of Vespasian

When the Roman emperor Vespasian (r. 1 July 69 – 23 June 79) and king Agrippa came to Tyre, the inhabitants of the city began to speak reproachfully of the king, and called him an enemy to the Romans; for they said that Philip, the general of his army, had betrayed the royal palace and the Roman forces that were in Jerusalem, and that it was done by his command. When Vespasian heard of this report, he rebuked the Tyrians for abusing a man who was "both a king and a friend to the Romans".[15]

End of Chalcis

The tetrarchy of Chalcis previously surrendered by Agrippa II was subsequently in 57 given to his cousin Aristobulus, the son of Herod of Chalcis (Acts 25:13; 26:2,7). After the death of Aristobulus in AD 92, Chalcis was absorbed into the province of Syria.

According to Photius, Agrippa II died at the age of seventy in the third year of the reign of Trajan (AD 100),[16] but statements of Josephus, in addition to the contemporary epigraphy from his kingdom. The modern scholarly consensus holds that he died before 93/94.[17] Following his death his realm of Chalcis at the Beqaa as well came under the direct rule of Rome.

Events

20s

Bronze prutah of Pontius Pilate (worn, clipped, 15mm, 1.97g.). Obverse: ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ surrounding lituus. Reverse: Wreath surrounding date LIϚ (year 16, 29/30 CE). Found in Lebanon.

30s

Reputed site of the stoning of the Christian deacon Stephen in c. AD 34, Greek Orthodox Church of St Stephen, Kidron Valley, Jerusalem

40s

Tombstone of Roman soldier Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera.
Ruins at Qalaat Faqra.

50s

60s

Symbol of the martyrdom of Thaddeus

70s

80s

90s

Ecclesiastical administration

Disciples Erastus, Olympas, Rhodion, Sosipater, Quartus of Beirut and Tertius (Menologion of Basil II)

According to tradition, the diocese of Tripoli in Phoenicia was founded in the apostolic age with Maron[c] chosen as the first bishop by the apostle Peter,[41] and Tyre was the seat of one of the oldest Christian communities, dating back to the dawn of Christianity, and Quartus was the bishop of Berytus (Beirut) c. AD 50.[42] Traditionally, the Evangelist Mark is considered to have been the first Bishop of Byblos and Silas (Silouan) the first Bishop of Botris, both assigned to their sees by the Apostle Peter.[43]

Crucifix graffiti on the walls of the ruined Savior Church in Tyre. It was built in a place where Jesus supposedly sat down on a rock and had a meal.

The city of Tyre is mentioned in the Gospels in a proverb quoted by Jesus himself (Matthew 11,21); according to the testimony of Luke (6.17), at the preaching of Jesus there were also faithful from the coast of Tyre and Sidon; and Jesus himself went to the region of Tyre and Sidon to work miracles such as the exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter (Mark 7,24-31). Soon a Christian community was formed in the city, which was visited by Paul the Apostle (Acts of the Apostles 21: 3-7) on his last journey to Jerusalem before his arrest.

Arabic miniature painting of the exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter, 1684 AD.

Industry

There is evidence in Josephus of substantial Jewish interest in silk, both in trade and production, especially in Berytus and Tyre. In the Roman period, Jiyeh was a production site of Beirut Type 2 amphorae[d] transporting olive oil from the 1st century AD onwards.[44]

Architecture

See also

Notes

  1. ^ A region that included Mount Lebanon,[1][2] Chalcis, and the Beqaa Valley[3]
  2. ^ Also written as Sohemus
  3. ^ Not to be confused with Maron, the 4th century religious figure
  4. ^ The form – Beirut Type 1 – has a projecting rim and fairly large handles. Beirut Type 2 is similar to the first form with a more defined rim and was produced in the Augustan period, suddenly ending by the late 1st century CE.

References

  1. ^ Steve Mason, Life of Josephus,Brill, 2007 p.54, n.306.
  2. ^ Dau, Butros. "History of the Maronites: Religious, Cultural, and Political." Lebanon, 1984, p. 51
  3. ^ Berndt Schaller, 'Ituraea' in Der Kleine Pauly: Lexicon der Antike, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 5 vols. Bd.2. 1979, p.1492.
  4. ^ Josephus, Vita, 11
  5. ^ Ragette, Baalbek, p. 16, quoting Josephus.
  6. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Agrippa, Herod, I.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 425.
  7. ^ Public Domain Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Agrippa II". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.: "In the year 50, without regard to the rights of the heir to the throne, he had himself appointed ... to the principality of Chalcis by the emperor."
  8. ^ "Herod Agrippa II - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  9. ^ Alexander, Loveday (2007). "62. Acts". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 1028–1061. ISBN 978-0-19-927718-6. Retrieved February 6, 2019., p. 1043.
  10. ^ "Beirut, Inscription mentioning Queen Berenice and King Agrippa II - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  11. ^ "Berytus - Encyclopedia of The Bible - Bible Gateway". www.biblegateway.com. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  12. ^ Josephus, Antiquities (book 20, chapter 7, verse 1); Josephus, Wars of the Jews (book 2, chapter 12, verse 8).
  13. ^ Hoehner, Harold W. (1980) [1972]. Herod Antipas. Contemporary evangelical perspectives: biblical history (Volume 17). Zondervan. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-310-42251-8. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
  14. ^ Orr, James, ed. (2018) [1939]. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Delmarva. p. 6669.
  15. ^ The Life of Flavius Josephus — Flavius Josephus, 74.
  16. ^ Photius cod. 33
  17. ^ Rajak (1996), Iulius Agrippa (2) II, Marcus
  18. ^ "Marcus Valerius Probus | Roman critic | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  19. ^ "Probus, Marcus Valerius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 408.
  20. ^ XXVII.IV (2020-05-09). "Christianity's Roots In Lebanon, and The Maronites". Medium. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  21. ^ Whitehead, James; Burns, Michael (2008). The Panther: Posthumous Poems. Springfield, Mo.: Moon City Press. pp. 15–17. ISBN 978-0-913785-12-6.
  22. ^ Deissmann, Adolf; Strachan, Lionel R.M. (2003). Light From the Ancient East: The New Testament Illustrated by Recently Discovered Texts of the Graeco Roman World. Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger Pub. pp. 73–74. ISBN 0-7661-7406-9.
  23. ^ Campbell, J.B. (1994). The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337: A Sourcebook. Routledge. p. 37. ISBN 0-415-07173-9.
  24. ^ "Herod Agrippa II - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  25. ^ Frederic William Madden (January 1, 1864). History of Jewish Coinage, and of Money in the Old and New Testament. B. Quaritch. p. 113.
  26. ^ "Philo, Herennius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 413.
  27. ^ "Tower of Claudius". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  28. ^ Kropp, Andreas J. M. (2013). Images and Monuments of Near Eastern Dynasts, 100 BC - AD 100. OUP Oxford. pp. 333–335. ISBN 978-0-19-967072-7. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  29. ^ (Acts of the Apostles 21:3–6).
  30. ^ (Acts of the Apostles 27:3)
  31. ^ McDowell, Sean (2016). The Fate of the Apostles: Examining the Martyrdom Accounts of the Closest Followers of Jesus. Routledge. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-317-03189-5.
  32. ^ admin_stj (2016-10-20). "Who is Saint Jude?". National Shrine of Saint Jude. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  33. ^ "St. Jude Shrine Koothattukulam : St.Jude the Apostle". 2012-12-01. Archived from the original on 2012-12-01. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  34. ^ Golden Legend
  35. ^ "Tyre, Birthplace of Europe | Roman ports". www.romanports.org. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  36. ^ a b N.D. Saleeby, Souk-El-Gharb, Lebanon, 1947 A.D.
  37. ^ Leveritt, Will (2015-07-03). "On this day in AD69 Vespasian was acclaimed emperor by his troops in Judaea". Mint Imperials. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  38. ^ Fields, Nic (2014). AD69: Emperors, Armies and Anarchy. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-3814-7. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  39. ^ Cotton, Hannah (2009). From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in the Roman Near East. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-521-87581-3. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  40. ^ George Sarton (1936). "The Unity and Diversity of the Mediterranean World", Osiris 2, p. 406-463 [430].
  41. ^ Le Quien, Oriens christianus , vol. II, coll. 821-822.
  42. ^ "Quartus - Smith's Bible Dictionary - Bible Dictionary". www.christianity.com. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  43. ^ "Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of Mount Lebanon". Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of Mount Lebanon. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  44. ^ American University of Beirut Roman amphorae in the Near East: a study of the distribution of Spanish, North African, and local types by Naseem Naji Raad
  45. ^ The Roman Near East: 31 BC-AD 337 (Carl Newell Jackson Lectures) Harvard University Press (March 15, 1995) p. 282
  46. ^ Josephus, De Bello Judaico (Wars of the Jews) v.iv.§ 2
  47. ^ Lyttelton 1996.
  48. ^ Rowland (1956).
  49. ^ Kropp & al. (2011).

Sources

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