On 11 January 2007, China conducted an anti-satellite missile test. A Chinese weather satellite—the FY-1C (COSPAR 1999-025A) polar orbit satellite of the Fengyun series, at an altitude of 865 kilometres (537 mi), with a mass of 750 kilograms (1,650 lb)[1]—was destroyed by a kinetic kill vehicle traveling with a speed of 8 km/s (18,000 mph) in the opposite direction[2] (see Head-on engagement). It was launched with a multistage solid-fuel missile from Xichang Satellite Launch Center or nearby.

Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine first reported the test on 17 January 2007.[3] The report was confirmed on 18 January 2007 by a United States National Security Council (NSC) spokesperson.[4] The Chinese government did not publicly acknowledge that the test had occurred until 23 January 2007 when the Chinese Foreign Ministry issued a statement confirming the test.[5] China claims it formally notified the US, Japan and other countries about the test in advance.[6]

It was the first known successful satellite intercept test since September 1985, when the United States destroyed the Solwind P78-1 satellite with ASM-135 anti-satellite missile released by a F-15 Eagle flying at a speed of Mach 0.934 and an altitude of 38,100 ft (11.6 km). The satellite was orbiting at 345 miles (555 km).[7][8][9]

The New York Times,[10] The Washington Times[11] and Jane's Intelligence Review[12] reported that the Chinese test came after at least two direct ascent tests that intentionally did not result in an intercept, on 7 July 2005 and 6 February 2006.[13]

A leaked classified diplomatic cable indicates that the same system was tested against a ballistic target in January 2010[14] in what the Chinese government publicly described as a test of "ground-based midcourse missile interception technology".[15] That description also closely matches the Chinese government's description of another test in January 2013,[16] which has led some analysts to conclude that it was yet another test of the same ASAT system, again against a ballistic target and not a satellite.[17]

Background

In January 2001, a US congressionally mandated space commission headed by Donald Rumsfeld recommended that "the US government should vigorously pursue the capabilities called for in the National Space Policy to ensure that the president will have the option to deploy weapons in space to deter threats to, and, if necessary, defend against attacks on US interests."[18] Moreover, the subsequent US withdrawal from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in 2002 allowed the United States to pursue missile defenses, including those that were space-based.[18]

In response to the actions by the US towards potential space weaponization, the Chinese started developing their own anti-satellite missiles.[18]

Weaponry

The Chinese anti-satellite system was named by Lieutenant General Michael Maples (then Director of US Defense Intelligence Agency), in a Senate Armed Services Committee Hearing, as the SC-19.[19] The SC-19 has been described as being based on a modified DF-21 ballistic missile with a Kinetic Kill Vehicle mounted. The ASAT kill vehicle relies on an imaging infrared seeker and also has been described as a modified HQ-19 with a KT-1 rocket booster.[20] The program is said to have been at least partially funded by China's 863 Program (specifically, the 863-409 focus area).[21]

The closing velocity of the intercept was approximately 8 kilometers per second (17,900 mph), comparable to the American National Missile Defense system.[22]

Aftermath

Known orbit planes of Fengyun-1C debris one month after its disintegration by the Chinese ASAT (orbits exaggerated for visibility)

Political reactions

Several nations responded negatively to the test and highlighted the serious consequences of engaging in the militarisation of space. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Liu Jianchao stated, "There's no need to feel threatened about this" and argued that "China will not participate in any kind of arms race in outer space."[23][24] China had publicly been advocating to ban space weapons, which had been rejected by the United States under George W. Bush because of certain loopholes in the treaty.[10][25]

The United States had not tested an anti-satellite weapon since 1985. In February 2008, the US launched its own strike to destroy a non-functioning US satellite, which demonstrated the capability to strike in space, though at a much lower altitude than the Chinese test. The US claimed that the strike was not a military test but a necessary mission to remove the threat posed by the decaying orbit of a faulty spy satellite with a full tank of hydrazine fuel.[26]

In early 2013, the Russian concept satellite BLITS collided with what is believed to be a piece of debris from Fengyun-1C, was knocked out of its orbit and soon afterwards data retrieval from the satellite ceased.

Space debris tracking

Further information: List of space debris producing events

Anti-satellite missile tests, especially ones involving kinetic kill vehicles as in this case, contribute to the formation of orbital space debris which can remain in orbit for many years and could interfere with future space activity (Kessler syndrome).[27] The 2007 Chinese ASAT test created the largest field of space debris in history, with more than 3,000 pieces of trackable size (golf ball size and larger) officially catalogued in the immediate aftermath, and an estimated 150,000 debris particles.[28][29][30] As of October 2016, a total of 3,438 pieces of debris had been detected, with 571 decayed and 2,867 still in orbit nine years after the incident.[31]

More than half of the tracked debris orbits the Earth with a mean altitude above 850 kilometres (530 mi), so they would likely remain in orbit for decades or centuries.[32] Based on 2009 and 2013 calculations of solar flux, the NASA Orbital Debris Program Office estimated that around 30% of the larger-than-10-centimeter (3.9 in) debris would still be in orbit in 2035.[33]

In April 2011, debris from the Chinese test passed 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) away from the International Space Station.[34]

As of April 2019, 3000 of the 10,000 pieces of space debris routinely tracked by the US military as a threat to the International Space Station were known to have originated from the 2007 satellite shoot down.[35]

Response

Official responses

Unofficial or indirectly related responses

Desmond Ball of the Australian National University while commenting on China's anti-satellite (ASAT) test of January 2007 said: “China's ASAT test of 11 January involved a fairly primitive system, limited to high-inclination LEO satellites. It is the sort of capability available to any country with a store of MRBMs/IRBMs or satellite launch vehicles, and a long-range radar system, such as Japan, India, Iran and even North Korea. However, its LEO coverage does include some extremely valuable satellites, including imaging and ELINT satellites, and the test is likely to generate reactions in several countries”.[39]

Related treaties

The Outer Space Treaty banned weapons of mass destruction in orbit and outer space but does not ban conventional weaponry in orbit. It is ratified by 98 countries, including China, and signed by 27 others.[40]

See also

References

  1. ^ Nicholson, Brendon (20 January 2007). "World fury at satellite destruction". The Age. Melbourne. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012.
  2. ^ "Is China's Satellite Killer a Threat? (Tech Talk)". Archived from the original on 15 September 2008.
  3. ^ Covault, Craig (17 January 2007). "Chinese Test Anti-Satellite Weapon". Aviation Week & Space Technology. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Archived from the original on 28 January 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d BBC News (2007). Concern over China's missile test. Retrieved 20 January 2007. Archived 12 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ "China admits satellite shot down". BBC News. 23 January 2007. Archived from the original on 29 January 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2007.
  6. ^ "China confirms anti-satellite missile test". The Guardian. London. 23 January 2007. Archived from the original on 28 January 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2007.
  7. ^ The Death of a Satellite : Edwards Air Force Base
  8. ^ "History of anti-satellite weapons: US tested 1st ASAT missile 60 years ago". The Week.
  9. ^ "Asm-135 Asat".
  10. ^ a b Gordon, Michael R.; Cloud, David S. (23 April 2007). "U.S. Knew of China's Missile Test, but Kept Silent". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
  11. ^ "Officials fear war in space by China". The Washington Times. 24 January 2007. Archived from the original on 26 January 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
  12. ^ "Space to manoeuvre – Satellite attack upsets US space supremacy". Jane's Intelligence Review. 7 February 2007. Archived from the original on 5 March 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007. Or see archived version:
  13. ^ Joan Johnson-Freese. Heavenly Ambitions: America's Quest to Dominate Space. p. 12
  14. ^ Foust, Jeff (3 February 2011). "WikiLeaks cables on US-China ASAT testing". Spacepolitics.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014.
  15. ^ "China: Missile defense system test successful". USA Today. 11 January 2010. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014.
  16. ^ "China carries out land-based mid-course missile interception test". Xinhua. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014.
  17. ^ "Anti-satellite Tests in Space - The Case of China" (PDF). Secure World Foundation. 16 August 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2014.
  18. ^ a b c Zhang, Hui. "Action/Reaction: U.S. Space Weaponization and China". Arms Control Association. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  19. ^ "Senator Clinton Questions Vice Admiral John M. McConnell, USN (ret), Director of National Intelligence and Lieutenant General Michael Maples, USA, the Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency at a Senate Armed Services Committee Hearing on Worldwide Threats". 27 February 2007. Archived from the original on 30 March 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
  20. ^ "Sc-19 Asat". Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  21. ^ Ian Easton, The Great Game in Space: China's Evolving ASAT Weapons Programs and Their Implications for Future U.S. Strategy, Project 2049 Occasional Paper, 24 June 2009, p.2., [1] Archived 30 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Shachtman, Noah (11 January 2008). "How China Loses the Coming Space War (Pt. 1)". Archived from the original on 13 April 2009 – via www.wired.com.
  23. ^ "China says space programme is no threat". Agence France Presse. 19 January 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  24. ^ New York Times (2007). China Shows Assertiveness in Weapons Test Archived 14 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
  25. ^ "US Dismisses Space Weapons Treaty Proposal as "Fundamentally Flawed"".
  26. ^ "America threatened China over 'star wars'". smh. 4 February 2011. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  27. ^ Covault, Craig (21 January 2007). "China's Asat Test Will Intensify U.S.-Chinese Faceoff in Space". Aviation Week. Archived from the original on 27 January 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
  28. ^ Hadley, Greg. "Saltzman: China's ASAT Test Was 'Pivot Point' in Space Operations". Airandspaceforces magazine. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  29. ^ "Chinese ASAT Test". Archived from the original on 23 April 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
  30. ^ "ISS crew take to escape capsules in space junk alert". BBC. 24 March 2012. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  31. ^ CelesTrak [@TSKelso] (21 October 2016). "CelesTrak SATCAT updated earlier today to add 12 more pieces of FENGYUN 1C debris. That brings the total to 3,438 pieces with 571 decayed" (Tweet). Retrieved 24 October 2016 – via Twitter.
  32. ^ History of On-Orbit Satellite Fragmentations (PDF) (14th ed.). NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. May 2008. pp. 26, 386. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  33. ^ Vavrin, A. B. "Solar Cycle Sensitivity Study of Breakup Events in LEO" (PDF). Orbital Debris Quarterly (January 2015). NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015.
  34. ^ "NASA monitoring space junk near International Space Station". CNN. 5 April 2011. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  35. ^ Safi, Michael; Devlin, Hannah (2 April 2019). "'A terrible thing': India's destruction of satellite threatens ISS, says Nasa". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  36. ^ "Sergei Ivanov considers reports on the rocket launch by China, that destroyed a satellite, exaggerated" (in Russian). Voice of Russia. 20 January 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  37. ^ Agence France-Presse (19 January 2007). "Britain Concerned By Chinese Satellite Shoot-Down". Spacedaily.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011.
  38. ^ Kestenbaum, David (19 January 2007). "Chinese Missile Destroys Satellite in 500-Mile Orbit". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 21 November 2011.
  39. ^ "Assessing China's ASAT program". Nautilus Institute at RMIT. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  40. ^ Outer Space Treaty Archived 27 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs

External links

Chinese space program
Missiles of the People's Republic of China
Politics of outer space
Public-sector space agencies
Categories