2011 Oklahoma earthquake
Earthquake damage
Chimney damage from the earthquake
2011 Oklahoma earthquake is located in Oklahoma
Oklahoma City
Oklahoma City
2011 Oklahoma earthquake
UTC time2011-11-06 03:53:10
ISC event17507292
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local dateNovember 6, 2011
Local time10:53:10 p.m. CDT
Magnitude5.7 Mw [1]
Depth5.2 kilometers (3 mi)[1]
Epicenter35°35′56″N 96°45′07″W / 35.599°N 96.752°W / 35.599; -96.752
TypeStrike-slip
Areas affectedUnited States
Max. intensityVIII (Severe)[2]
CasualtiesTwo injured
Part of the 2009–present Oklahoma earthquakes
USGS ShakeMap for the Oklahoma earthquake

The 2011 Oklahoma earthquake was a 5.7 magnitude intraplate earthquake which occurred near Prague, Oklahoma on November 5 at 10:53 p.m. CDT (03:53 UTC November 6) in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.[3] The epicenter of the earthquake was in the vicinity of several active wastewater injection wells.[4][5] According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), it was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Oklahoma until the 2016 Oklahoma earthquake.[3] The previous record was a 5.5 magnitude earthquake that struck near the town of El Reno in 1952.[6] The quake's epicenter was approximately 44 miles (71 km) east-northeast of Oklahoma City, near the town of Sparks and was felt in the neighboring states of Texas, Arkansas, Kansas and Missouri and even as far away as Tennessee and Wisconsin.[7] The quake followed several minor quakes earlier in the day, including a 4.7 magnitude foreshock.[7][8][9] The quake had a maximum perceived intensity of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale in the area closest to the epicenter.[2] Numerous aftershocks were detected after the main quake, with a few registering at 4.0 magnitude.[7]

In March 28, 2016 the USGS released the USGS National Seismic Hazard Map which concluded that the primary cause of the earthquake in Oklahoma in 2011 was pressure on faults from cumulative effects of injecting oil drilling wastewater under high pressure into the underground.[4][5][10] Although the 2011 earthquake was the largest on record, the USGS reported that the central and eastern U.S. (CEUS) has undergone the most dramatic increase in seismic activity in the United States since 2009 with an average of 318 earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 a year up from 24 a year from 1973 to 2008. In 2015 there were 1,010 earthquakes in the CEUS region. By mid-March 2016 there were already 226 earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 and larger in the CEUS.[5] "Earthquake rates have recently increased markedly in multiple areas of the Central and Eastern United States (CEUS), especially since 2010, and scientific studies have linked the majority of this increased activity to wastewater injection in deep disposal wells."[11]: 2 

Geology

The Oklahoma Geological Survey believes the earthquake occurred along the Wilzetta Fault, which is also known as the Seminole Uplift.[9] The Wilzetta Fault is a 55-mile (89 km) long fault zone that runs from central Pottawatomie County to the western part of Creek County.[12] It is a strike-slip fault, where two adjacent crustal blocks slide horizontally past each other, but unlike the similar moving San Andreas Fault, the Wilzetta Fault is not located near the margins of any tectonic plates. From 1972 to 2008, between two and six earthquakes were recorded annually by the USGS, however 50 were recorded in 2009. The USGS and the Oklahoma Geological Survey are installing more seismometers to better monitor the increased activity. Aftershocks from the 5.6 quake, including some that can be felt, were expected to last for months.[2] The Oklahoma Geological Survey reported in 2011 that a minor earthquake swarm which occurred in January 2011 could possibly have been due to hydraulic fracturing, which is a process used to extract oil from oil wells.[13] In November 2011 several geologists with the USGS that were contacted by The Huffington Post said that the 5.6 magnitude quake was not due to the mechanical process of hydraulic fracturing itself, which they said causes tremors on a much smaller scale.[14]

According to the 2016 USGS report, "Earthquake rates have recently increased markedly in multiple areas of the Central and Eastern United States (CEUS), especially since 2010, and scientific studies have linked the majority of this increased activity to wastewater injection in deep disposal wells."[10][11]: 2 [15][16][17][18] In March 2013, an article published in the scientific journal Geology observed that "the volume of fluid injected into the subsurface related to the production of unconventional resources continues to rise" and this potentially triggered the earthquake.[10] An issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research published in March 2014 found that a magnitude 5.0 foreshock believed to be induced by fluid injection promoted failure of the rupture plain of the November 5 mainshock.[19]

Damage

Early reports indicated that U.S. Route 62 had "buckled" in three locations and that several nearby homes had major damage and there were also numerous reports of broken windows and other minor damage, mostly to residences.[20] Some local residents reported minor masonry damage and a chimney collapsed at one residence, while a few residents near the epicenter reported a noise which sounded like thunder in the distance as the earthquake struck.[21] The Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management reported that two people suffered minor injuries, 14 homes had various levels of damage, and that Benedictine Hall at St. Gregory's University in Shawnee had one turret collapse and two others damaged, forcing the closure of the building.[22] Sandra and Gary Ladra of Prague, suffered physical injuries and damage to their home, during the earthquake. They sued Spess Oil and Old Dominion, LLC, for compensation. In July 2017, Spess came to a confidential settlement in the case, which was before the Oklahoma Supreme Court.[23]

Radar imagery

The National Weather Service (NWS) reported that weather radar detected insects, bats and birds which had apparently taken flight immediately after the quake. The NWS radar indicated that the tremors were significant enough that those animals that could leave the ground, did so.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "M5.7 - Oklahoma". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
  2. ^ a b c "Earthquake Summary". Magnitude 5.6 - Oklahoma. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  3. ^ a b "Magnitudes for Oklahoma Earthquakes Shift Upward". United States Geological Survey. September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
  4. ^ a b Achenbach, Joel (March 28, 2016), "7 million Americans at risk of man-made earthquakes, USGS says", Washington Post
  5. ^ a b c Fitzpatrick, Jessica; Petersen, Mark (March 28, 2016), "Induced Earthquakes Raise Chances of Damaging Shaking in 2016", USGS, archived from the original on April 23, 2016, retrieved April 28, 2016
  6. ^ "Historic Earthquakes". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  7. ^ a b c "Oklahoma Hit With 10 Aftershocks Following 5.6-Magnitude Earthquake". Associated Press (FOX News). November 6, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
  8. ^ "Magnitude 4.7 - Oklahoma". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  9. ^ a b "Preliminary Earthquake Report, November 5, 2011". Leonard Geophysical Observatory. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  10. ^ a b c Keranen, Katie M.; Savage, Heather M.; Abers, Geoffrey A.; Cochran, Elizabeth S. (2013). "Potentially induced earthquakes in Oklahoma, USA: Links between wastewater injection and the 2011 Mw 5.7 earthquake sequence". Geology. 41 (6): 699–702. Bibcode:2013Geo....41..699K. doi:10.1130/G34045.1.via EBSCO
  11. ^ a b Petersen, Mark D.; Mueller, Charles S.; Moschetti, Morgan P.; Hoover, Susan M.; Llenos, Andrea L.; Ellsworth, William L.; Michael, Andrew J.; Rubinstein, Justin L.; McGarr, Arthur F.; Rukstales, Kenneth S. (April 1, 2016). "2016 One-Year Seismic Hazard Forecast for the Central and Eastern United States from Induced and Natural Earthquakes" (PDF). Open-File Report (Report). Reston, Virginia. p. 58. doi:10.3133/ofr20161035. ISSN 2331-1258. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2016.
  12. ^ Parker Gay, S. (2003). "The Nemaha Trend—A System of Compressional Thrust-Fold, Strike-Slip Structural Features in Kansas and Oklahoma, Part 1" (PDF). Shale Shaker: 9–17, 39–49. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  13. ^ Holland, Austin (August 2011). "Examination of Possibly Induced Seismicity from Hydraulic Fracturing in the Eola Field, Garvin County, Oklahoma" (PDF). Oklahoma Geological Survey. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
  14. ^ Borenstein, Seth; Fahey, Jonathan (November 7, 2011). "Oklahoma Earthquakes Stronger Than Fracking Tremors, Experts Say". The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
  15. ^ Ellsworth, W.L. (2013). "Injection-induced earthquakes". Science. 341 (6142): 7. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.460.5560. doi:10.1126/science.1225942. PMID 23846903. S2CID 206543048.
  16. ^ Keranen, K.M.; Weingarten, Matthew; Abers, G.A.; Bekins, B.A.; Ge, Shemin (2014). "Sharp increase in central Oklahoma seismicity since 2008 induced by massive wastewater injection". Science. 345 (6195): 448–451. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..448K. doi:10.1126/science.1255802. PMID 24993347. S2CID 206558853.
  17. ^ Walsh, F.R.; Zoback, M.D. (2015). "Oklahoma's recent earthquakes and saltwater disposal". Science Advances. 1 (5): e1500195. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0195W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500195. PMC 4640601. PMID 26601200.
  18. ^ Weingarten, Matthew; Ge, Shemin; Godt, J.W.; Bekins, B.A.; Rubinstein, J.L. (2015). "High-rate injection is associated with the increase in U.S. mid-continent seismicity". Science. 348 (6241): 1336–1340. Bibcode:2015Sci...348.1336W. doi:10.1126/science.aab1345. PMID 26089509.
  19. ^ Sumy, Danielle F.; Cochran, Elizabeth S.; Keranen, Katie M.; Wei, Maya; Abers, Geoffrey A. (March 7, 2014). "Observations of static Coulomb stress triggering of the November 2011 M5.7 Oklahoma earthquake sequence". Solid Earth. Journal of Geophysical Research. 119 (3): 1904–1923. Bibcode:2014JGRB..119.1904S. doi:10.1002/2013JB010612.
  20. ^ "Oklahoma quake buckles highway, damages several homes". Los Angeles Times. November 5, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  21. ^ Dinger, Matt. "Record 5.6 magnitude earthquake shakes Oklahoma". News OK. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  22. ^ "Quake update: Several homes, university damaged; assessment ongoing". Tulsa World. November 6, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  23. ^ Oil company settles earthquake damage suit, Michelle Charles, Stillwater News Press, July 6, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
  24. ^ Israel, Brett (November 7, 2011). "Oklahoma Quake Stirs Bird, Bug or Bat Swarm Seen on Radars". Our Amazing Planet. Retrieved July 20, 2015.

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