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2020 Russian constitutional referendum
25 June – 1 July 2020
Do you approve amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation?
Results
Choice
 Votes %
Yes 57,747,288 78.56%
No 15,761,978 21.44%
Valid votes 73,509,266 99.18%
Invalid or blank votes 604,951 0.82%
Total votes 74,114,217 100.00%
Registered voters/turnout 109,190,337 67.88%
Results by federal subject
Referendum ballot

A constitutional referendum was held in Russia between 25 June and 1 July 2020.[1][2] President Vladimir Putin proposed the referendum during his address to the Federal Assembly on 15 January 2020.[3] The draft amendments to the constitution were submitted to a referendum in accordance with article 2 of the Law on Amendments to the Constitution.[4] The referendum is legally referred to as an "All-Russian vote" (Russian: общероссийское голосование, romanized: obshcherossiyskoye golosovaniye), for it is not held in accordance with the Federal Constitutional Law on the Referendum.[citation needed]

The amendments include sweeping changes to the constitution, including allowing Putin to run again for two more six-year presidential terms and enshrining social measures on pensions and welfare state as well as conservative ones such as constitutionally banning same-sex marriage,[5] ensuring patriotic education in schools,[citation needed] and placing the constitution above international law.

Originally scheduled for 22 April 2020, the vote was postponed to a later date due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia.[6] It had been noted that the initial vote date coincided with the 150th anniversary of Vladimir Lenin's birth.[7][8] In-person voting at the polling stations was held from 25 June to 1 July, with 1 July being declared a day off as the actual voting date. Residents of Moscow and the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast could participate in the event remotely (electronically) from 25 to 30 June.[9][10][11]

According to official results, 79% of valid votes supported the changes to the constitution. Later that year, Putin accepted the results and signed them into law. Many international observers criticized the results of the referendum claiming widespread reports of irregularities such as: including voter coercion, multiple voting, violation of secrecy of the vote and allegations of police violence against a journalist who was present to observe. Further criticism is centered around the amendment that could extend Putin's presidency to 2036.[12][13]

Proposed amendments

Main article: 2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia

On 19 December 2019, Vladimir Putin announced possible amendments to the Constitution during a press conference.[14] The following month, he repeated his intention to amend the constitution when he addressed the Federal Assembly.[15][16]

Among notable changes were the right of the president to remove federal justices, to remove Supreme Justices following approval by the Federation Council, a right for the lower house of the Parliament to appoint the prime minister and the "supremacy of Russian law over international law".[15][17] It also extended presidential term limits, enabling Putin, if reelected, to hold presidential office until 2036. The previous version of the constitution would have required him to step down in 2024; this move has been labelled a "power grab" by some commentators.[18] The extension to term limits allows Putin (and former President Medvedev) to run for two further six-year presidential terms, something Putin has not yet ruled out.[citation needed] Critics have accused him of plotting to stay in power for life, while supporters have lauded the inclusion of the amendment.[19][20]

Putin ordered the creation of a working group of 75 people to work on drafting proposed amendments.[21]

The amendments stipulate social guarantees for citizens.[vague] The amendments mention, for the first time in the constitution: marriage – defined as the union of a man and a woman, faith in God, as well as the State Council (which increases its role). The Russian nationality will be called a state-forming one.[clarification needed] The institution of the presidency will be strengthened. The word "consecutive" will be removed from the clause which limits the term of ruling the country to "two consecutive terms". The amendments also stipulate the right of the Constitutional Court to block the implementation of decisions of international organizations on the grounds of the unconstitutionality of such decisions (the body has had this power since 2015).[19][additional citation(s) needed]

List

On 20 January 2020, President Vladimir Putin submitted the draft amendments to the State Duma, expecting 14 articles to be changed in total:[4][22][23][24]

Proposed adoption without a referendum

The Constitution of the Russian Federation was accepted on the national vote on 12 December 1993 and consists of nine chapters. The order of revision of Chapters 1, 2 and 9 is prescribed in Article 135 of the Constitution and requires the convening of the Constitutional Assembly for the adoption of the new Constitution. The procedure for amending Chapters 3 to 8 is defined in Article 136 and requires the adoption of the law on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation according to a procedure similar to (but not identical due to the requirement of ratification of the amendment by regional legislative bodies) the adoption of a federal constitutional law.[30][31]

Several amendments have been made to the Constitution since its enactment. The largest were the amendments proposed in the 2008 Presidential message. Other amendments included an amendment to merge the Supreme and Supreme Arbitration Courts, as well as the amendment to appoint an additional group of Federation Council members ("representatives of the Russian Federation") by the President. The Constitution was also amended in connection with the formation or liquidation of the Federation's constituent entities, as well as with their renaming.[32]

Putin noted that Russia's parliament is legally capable of changing the Constitution, but he argued that a national vote is necessary to make the amendments legitimate.[33] While Putin said the package of amendments should be put to a nationwide vote, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that the vote does not entail a referendum.[34] On 20 January 2020, Putin submitted a bill on constitutional amendments to the State Duma (the lower house of parliament).[35][36] The amendment of the Constitution proposed by Putin requires neither a referendum, nor convening of the Russian Constitutional Assembly.[37]

Proposed consultative All-Russia voting

Terminology

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The current Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted by "nationwide voting" on 12 December 1993. This is an official term with legal meaning. Amendments or a new constitution can be also adopted by "nationwide voting".

Article 3 of the 1993 Constitution of Russia says:

Chapter 9 says:

Therefore, "referendum" (Russian: референдум, romanized: referendum), "free elections" (Russian: свободные выборы, romanized: svobodnyye vybory) and "nationwide voting" (Russian: всенародное голосование, romanized: vsenarodnoye golosovaniye) are provisioned by the Constitution. A 50%+ turnout is mandatory for "nationwide voting" according to the Article 135 of the 1993 Constitution of Russia.

The Federal Constitutional Law on the Referendum was adopted in 1995. A period of campaign, 50%+ turnout and international democratic electoral standards are mandatory for a referendum. The results of a referendum are binding and can't be changed unless a new referendum is held. Russian law does not provide for consultative referendums.

Discussion

On the other hand, Putin's statement that a “final decision” will be made only after the voting process can be interpreted to mean that the vote itself will not be binding. According to the Constitution, however, that is not the case: The results of a nationwide vote must be enforced as is. This means that a referendum would be conducted as an extra constitutional procedure (much like an online poll).[38] Critics have accused Putin of orchestrating a "constitutional coup" and seeking to fast-track changes to the country's political system without going through proper procedures including a referendum.[39]

All-Russian voting

The renewal of the Constitution requires neither a referendum, nor convening of the Constitutional Assembly,[37] but "All-Russian voting" (Russian: общероссийское голосование, romanized: obshcherossiyskoye golosovaniye) is provisioned by Article 2 of the draft law on making amendments to the Russian Constitution.[4][40] Putin introduced this term for the first time and it is not a legal term with clear definition.[contradictory] All-Russian voting is not provisioned by the constitution or mentioned in any federal laws, regional laws or any other legal documents.

Voting procedure

Voting station in Kamchatka Krai

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, measures to prevent the spread of the disease were taken on the recommendation of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor). These measures include extending the voting period to five days, screening for fever with a thermometer at the entrance to polling stations, providing polling station workers with personal protective equipment and encouraging social distancing.[10][41]

Also, the Central Electoral Commission (CEC) meeting on 2 June came up with several voting options: outside the Precinct Electoral Committee (PEC) tied to the registration address through the Mobile Voter scheme; outside the polling station (in the adjacent territories), as well as contactless voting from home. Within the framework of this plebiscite, no valid reason is needed for voting from home, and the PEC agrees with the voter on the preferred time. These voting options are available not only on 1 July, but also from 25 to 30 June. Application submission is open until 21 June, for this purpose one should submit an application (including one over the phone) to vote at the preferred location – to the Territorial Election Commission (TEC), PEC, Multifunctional Centre for Public Services (MFC) or through the State Services (Gosuslugi) portal. There are also safety measures for those who vote from home: commission members and observers will not enter apartment or houses. They will be wearing personal protective equipment and also they will have to provide a voter with a kit with a mask, gloves, a pen and a sanitizer.[10][42]

Remote electronic voting (REV), which was made available in the regions of Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod, was first tested in the Moscow City Duma elections in 2019. Application submission was made open until 2 pm. on 21 June. The voting went from the morning of 25 June until the end of the day on 30 June. The voters who have registered on the portals mos.ru and gosuslugi.ru after 5 June will not be able to take part in electronic voting in order to avoid "rigged" voting. Only those users who have successfully passed the check and matching against the data in the State Automates System "Elections" will be allowed to vote. Accounts with recently changed phone numbers will be blocked as well.[10][43][44] A unified portal 2020og.ru and a special territorial commission have been created for remote electronic voting.

Special voting mode will be chosen at voting sites abroad. Each embassy and consulate will determine on its own if it is possible to arrange voting until 1 July.[45][42]

Three categories of participants can observe and control the voting: members of the commission with the casting vote, observers and media representatives. The precinct commissions are formed in advance, observers can be sent to the all-Russian voting by the regional public chambers according to the applications submitted in advance, and the representatives of mass media must have an agreement with the editorial board concluded not later than two months before the voting appointment.[46][47][10] It is stated that at the preliminary voting stage the CEC will publish daily data on the turnout, and the votes for and against will be counted only after the end of the voting on 1 July.[48]

Campaign

Russian postal stamp dedicated to the 2020 constitutional referendum, issued on 11 June 2020

Opposition movements, parties and politicians took a different attitude towards voting.

As there is no minimum voter turn-out, the amendments will be considered approved and enacted if the majority of the actual voters agree with the changes.[49] However, in order to demonstrate strong management skills, local authorities and state-funded organizations are using traditional tactics to increase voter participation and encouraging people to vote online and ahead-of-schedule.[50][51][52]

The law that regulates nationwide voting does not mention any political agitation. Government authority has the right to inform the public, and the election committee is obliged to do so.[10][53]

The telephone survey by MFC (Multifunctional center for the provision of state and municipal services) on voting on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Questions about voting and the place of voting (in Russian). 25 June 2020 (first day of voting), Petrozavodsk.

The Opposition movement, various parties and politicians have different opinions regarding the voting: some are in its favor, some are against it (such as Open Russia and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation),[54] some have chosen to boycott the referendum (such as the Left Front, Yabloko, and PARNAS).[55][56] According to political analyst Alexander Pozhalov and founder of Yabloko Grigory Yavlinsky, voting on the amendments will essentially become a referendum on Putin's support, and according to Yavlinsky it opens the way to his lifelong rule.[57] On 4 June, Communist Party leader Gennady Zyuganov called on his supporters to vote against the amendments. He said that "the new version of the Basic Law only strengthens the presidential dictatorship and consolidates oligarchic domination" in a statement. Furthermore, he said that the "July 1 vote is more of a ritual in nature. It does not have the status of a referendum, does not fit with the electoral law. All this once again exposes the falsity of bourgeois democracy." Zyuganov also said that the CEC organises the vote in "a legally dubious procedure" and that "there are unlimited possibilities for fraud." He said that a boycott of the vote would not do anything and that active participation is required.[58]

A number of Russian celebrities were among the supporters of a 'yes' vote, who were sharing posts and video clips on social media. Those who have expressed their solidarity with the amendments over Instagram are mainly the ones who are promoting the online-voting. Among them are names such as Evgeni Plushenko and his wife Yana Rudkovskaya, TV hosts Olga Buzova and Kseniya Borodina, and singers Stas Mikhailov and Keti Topuria.[59]

Various political and public figures have started the campaign “NET!” ("No!") against the constitutional amendments. Political activist Maksim Katz has been leading the campaign and strongly encouraging the voters to participate. The politician and founder of the Anti-Corruption Foundation, Alexei Navalny, called for a boycott of the referendum.[60] Journalist Yury Dud voiced his opposition against the amendments, reminding the public that in 2008 the current president was against changing the Constitution as well.[61]

On 28 February, the head of the Central Election Commission (CEC) of Russia Ella Pamfilova announced the abolition of the scientific and expert council at the commission, explaining this with its "absolutely unacceptable" form and "absolute anachronism". According to RBK, shortly before this, a number of board members wrote a letter criticizing the upcoming vote. Former board member and editor-in-chief of Ekho Moskvy radio station Alexei Venediktov publicly opposed expanding opportunities for early and home-based voting because of the inability to observe the process, which in his opinion could lead to a "discrediting of voting results", and linked the dissolution of the council with the negative attitude of its members towards the upcoming vote.[62]

Opinion polls

The survey results show a large variation in turnout forecasts and the final decision on the amendments. The experts attribute the difference to several factors: the peculiarities of the questions' wording and the initial orientation towards different audiences. A part of the population expresses distrust in the polling data – a long-term trend towards a decrease in trust in the data of opinion polls. Nevertheless, the last poll of 15 June by state-run VTsIOM recorded that 83% of respondents knew the date of the all-Russian vote, 68% of respondents expressed their intention to vote, 17% did not plan to vote.[63][64][65]

Date(s) conducted Pollster For amendments Against amendments Undecided/unsure Lead Notes
22–24 May 2020 Levada Center 44% 32% 24% 12%
22 May 2020 WCIOM 61% 22% 17% 39% Only those planning to vote
24–27 April 2020 Levada Center 47% 31% 22% 16%
24–26 April 2020 CIPKR 35% 26% 37% 2%
17 April 2020 WCIOM 50% 26% 24% 24%
2 April 2020 CIPKR 37% 25% 34% 12%
19–25 March 2020 Levada Center 40% 34% 26% 6%
19–25 March 2020 Levada Center 45% 41% 14% 4% Sample given reworded question mentioning amendment allowing Putin to re-run in 2024
11 March 2020 WCIOM 46% 16% 38% 49%
10 March 2020 President Vladimir Putin supported the amendment to the Constitution to reset the terms of the President of Russia and refused to hold snap legislative election
7 March 2020 CIPKR 29% 17% 52% 23%
3 March 2020 WCIOM 55% 12% 33% 30% Only those planning to vote
20–26 February 2020 Levada Center 25% 10% 37% 12%
12 February 2020 WCIOM 46% 16% 38% 30%
29–31 January 2020 Levada Center 72% 13% 15% 59%

Exit poll

Date(s) conducted Pollster Number of respondents For amendments Against amendments Undecided/unsure Lead Notes
25–28 June 2020 WCIOM 163,100 76% 23.6% 29.4% 51.9%

Results

Choice Votes %
checkY Yes 57,747,288 78.56
☒N No 15,761,978 21.44
Invalid/blank votes 604,951 –
Total 74,114,217 100
Registered voters/turnout 109,190,337 67.88
Source: CEC

By federal subject

Turnout by federal subjects
Margins of victory by federal subjects
"Yes" by federal subjects
"No" by federal subjects

The percentages below are calculated from the total of voters instead of the total of valid votes. The difference from 100% thus consist of blank and invalid votes.

Region checkY Yes ☒N No
Votes % Votes %
 Adygea 236,686 84.55 41,043 14.66
 Altai Krai 645,603 71.91 241,132 26.86
 Altai 55,291 66.16 27,433 32.83
 Amur Oblast 258,548 70.42 103,726 28.25
 Arkhangelsk Oblast 297,432 65.78 150,935 33.38
 Astrakhan Oblast 463,866 86.73 68,087 12.73
 Bashkortostan 2,448,685 88.68 292,701 10.60
 Belgorod Oblast 798,636 81.76 170,172 17.42
 Bryansk Oblast 749,749 85.81 114,009 13.05
 Buryatia 329,208 71.95 121,205 26.49
 Chechnya 712,909 97.92 14,132 1.94
 Chelyabinsk Oblast 1,190,097 69.54 505,597 29.55
 Chukotka 18,146 80.30 4,203 18.60
 Chuvashia 426,779 72.57 154,351 26.25
 Crimea 1,104,730 90.07 111,401 9.08
 Dagestan 1,352,732 89.19 155,290 10.24
Ingushetia Ingushetia 152,992 87.50 18,972 10.85
 Irkutsk Oblast 529,770 64.28 287,131 34.84
 Ivanovo Oblast 390,256 76.23 117,846 23.02
 Jewish Autonomous Oblast 70,213 77.30 19,430 21.39
 Kabardino-Balkaria 362,739 85.52 53,795 12.68
 Kaliningrad Oblast 334,755 72.15 125,341 27.02
 Kalmykia 124,265 84.09 21,986 14.88
 Kaluga Oblast 338,748 70.17 140,003 28.99
 Kamchatka Krai 65,485 61.76 39,406 37.16
 Karachay-Cherkessia 211,163 84.80 37,367 15.01
 Karelia 168,389 70.46 68,304 28.58
 Kemerovo Oblast 1,522,151 87.29 209,742 12.03
 Khabarovsk Krai 271,421 62.28 159,662 36.64
 Khakassia 141,381 69.52 59,758 29.38
 Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug 487,750 69.00 212,434 30.05
 Kirov Oblast 409,702 70.89 163,247 28.25
 Komi 221,113 65.08 115,322 33.94
 Kostroma Oblast 180,846 67.92 83,044 31.19
 Krasnodar Krai 3,219,153 88.92 382,712 10.57
 Krasnoyarsk Krai 848,638 70.10 350,687 28.97
 Kurgan Oblast 276,378 69.58 117,294 29.53
 Kursk Oblast 389,300 73.92 133,471 25.32
 Leningrad Oblast 817,168 79.38 203,833 19.80
 Lipetsk Oblast 479,670 78.56 124,509 20.39
 Magadan Oblast 34,035 62.03 20,090 36.62
 Mari El 251,831 75.76 77,884 23.43
 Mordovia 408,380 85.60 65,931 13.82
 Moscow 2,855,547 65.29 1,485,963 33.97
 Moscow Oblast 3,488,197 78.97 888,794 20.12
 Murmansk Oblast 163,735 62.54 95,095 36.33
 Nenets Autonomous Okrug 9,567 43.78 12,074 55.25
 Nizhny Novgorod Oblast 1,505,620 79.31 382,801 20.16
 North Ossetia 352,314 82.83 71,856 16.89
 Novgorod Oblast 172,997 71.44 66,616 27.51
 Novosibirsk Oblast 698,857 67.58 323,674 31.30
 Omsk Oblast 610,278 62.09 360,348 36.66
 Orenburg Oblast 834,406 73.60 286,720 25.29
 Oryol Oblast 372,411 79.74 88,970 19.05
 Penza Oblast 683,244 85.25 114,588 13.30
 Perm Krai 734,802 70.75 293,643 28.27
 Primorsky Krai 723,089 78.86 185,629 20.24
 Pskov Oblast 231,684 78.69 60,626 20.59
 Rostov Oblast 2,099,202 83.54 400,454 15.94
 Ryazan Oblast 499,716 78.81 129,104 20.36
 Saint Petersburg 2,241,963 77.66 624,517 21.63
 Yakutia 204,435 58.34 142,464 40.65
 Sakhalin Oblast 189,466 74.84 60,853 24.06
 Samara Oblast 1,346,254 80.55 312,252 18.68
 Saratov Oblast 1,187,697 82.24 244,989 16.96
 Sevastopol 183,296 84.67 31,656 14.62
 Smolensk Oblast 296,792 71.97 111,247 26.98
 Stavropol Krai 1,304,638 84.85 213,467 13.88
 Sverdlovsk Oblast 1,132,182 65.99 565,242 32.94
 Tambov Oblast 583,972 87.41 80,138 11.99
 Tatarstan 1,943,685 82.81 389,765 16.61
 Tomsk Oblast 223,046 64.86 117,232 34.09
 Tula Oblast 710,765 83.09 138,652 16.21
 Tuva 175,698 96.79 5,426 2.99
 Tver Oblast 410,421 71.87 155,409 27.21
 Tyumen Oblast 748,290 85.57 122,759 14.04
 Udmurtia 455,908 68.92 199,121 30.10
 Ulyanovsk Oblast 379,056 71.16 148,346 27.85
 Vladimir Oblast 419,606 71.18 164,025 27.82
 Volgograd Oblast 1,222,903 83.39 232,524 15.86
 Vologda Oblast 388,615 71.16 152,983 28.01
 Voronezh Oblast 1,070,045 80.07 256,306 19.18
 Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 265,237 89.16 30,605 10.29
 Yaroslavl Oblast 374,053 68.29 168,930 30.84
 Zabaykalsky Krai 352,670 74.92 114,010 24.22
 Baikonur 4,288 62.27 2,248 37.00
Russians abroad 99,852 68.07 44,939 30.64
Source: CEC

Results in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug was the only subject of the federation where the majority of citizens (55%) voted 'No'.

The main reason is believed to be due to the strong disagreement by the residents of the subject of the federation to unite with Arkhangelsk Oblast.[66][67] The interim governor of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Yuri Bezdudny, said: "Yes, the majority of the inhabitants of the Nenets spoke out against the Russian vote. But their voices are not against amendments, it is a reaction on the topic with the unification of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Arkhangelsk Oblast. Nearly half of the district's residents spoke in favor of the amendments. Their opinion also needs to be respected. Most importantly, the elections in the Nenets Autonomous Region were fair, transparent, without violations and in compliance with all sanitary standards."[68]

Results in the Komi Republic

Late in the evening of July 1, after processing 5.2% of the protocols in the Komi Republic, 68.88% of the participants voted against amendments to the Constitution, 29.93% voted in favor. However, after a few minutes, the results were reversed. The Central Election Commission specified that after processing 28.31% of the protocols 66.19% of the voters supported the constitutional amendments in the republic, 32.89% were against. CEC Chairman Ella Pamfilova explained that the cause of the error was the tiredness of the election commission members: “Well, elementary, as I was told, people were tired. The line has slipped - and that’s it, sorry”.[69]

Grigory Kablis, the former chairman of the party of the Progress Party in the Komi Republic, explained to the publication Seven by Seven that since the data of the final protocols are not entered manually, but using QR codes through the GAS Vybory system (starting in 2017 in the Komi Republic), then the operator error during data entry was excluded. Kablis suggested that after receiving at 21:00 automatically the preliminary results, which he called "very different from the average for Russia", at about 21:05 all territorial election commissions in the Komi Republic were forbidden to enter data in the GAS Vybory. Those polling stations that showed negative results were ordered to recount ballots. In general, Kablis concluded that “there was no trust in the electoral system of Russia in general and the Komi Republic in particular,” he said.[70]

Reactions

A number of foreign leaders congratulated President Putin by phone, including President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev, Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi, President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon and President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev.[71]

The United States said that it was "troubled by reports of Russian government efforts to manipulate the result of the recent votes on constitutional amendments."[72] The European External Action Service said that it "expect[s] all reports and allegations of irregularities, including voter coercion, multiple voting, violation of secrecy of the vote and allegations of police violence against a journalist who was present to observe, to be duly investigated."[12]

On 19 November 2021, two members of the United States Congress introduced a resolution to end the country's recognition of Vladimir Putin as president of Russia if he remains in power after 2024. The Kremlin denounced it as an attempt to meddle in its domestic affairs.[73]

Accusations of fraud and coercion

Forbes and The Moscow Times discussed allegations of fraud presented by physicist Sergei Shpilkin, who alleged that 22 million votes could be fraudulent,[74][75] and alleged similar tactics to those used in both the 2011 legislative election and 2018 presidential election, for which he previously published statistical evidence alleging fraud.[76]

The Associated Press reported that prizes were offered as encouragement to vote, that voters with Russian passports from eastern Ukraine were bused across the border to vote, that during early voting several ballot boxes were unattended at night, and that in Moscow, some journalists and activists said they were able to cast their ballots both online and in person in a bid to show the lack of safeguards against manipulations.[77]

Golos, an independent Russian election watchdog, claimed that the electoral process was "rigged from the start" and "unfairly skewed by a noisy one-sided propaganda campaign."[18]

The New York Times reported that employees at state-funded libraries in St. Petersburg complained that they had been ordered by their institutions to vote and on which day. The newspaper also suggested that "a long propaganda campaign preceded the referendum", and that public discourse focused mainly on the patriotic elements of the bill, such as remembering the war dead of World War II, enshrining the Russian language, and pension protection. The controversial elements, such as the zeroing of Putin's previous terms and a weakening of judicial independence, saw almost no mention in official messaging or public discourse.[18][not specific enough to verify]

References

  1. ^ Kolomychenko, Maria (12 June 2020). "'Look after yourself — vote electronically!' Moscow's civil servants report being forced to register for online voting ahead of Russia's constitutional plebiscite". Meduza. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  2. ^ Korsunskaya, Darya; Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle (1 June 2020). "Russia to vote on July 1 on reforms that could extend Putin's rule". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  3. ^ "Путин предложил провести 'всенародное голосование' по пакету поправок в Конституцию". Interfax (in Russian). 15 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  4. ^ a b c "Законопроект №885214-7" (in Russian). State Duma. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  5. ^ "Russian voters back referendum banning same-sex marriage". NBC News. 2 July 2020. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  6. ^ "Путин объявил о переносе голосования по Конституции". Moskovskij Komsomolets (in Russian). 25 March 2020. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  7. ^ "Politics and pandemics". The Economist. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  8. ^ Arnholz, Jack (27 February 2020). "Russia announces date for referendum that could extend Putin's rule". ABC News. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
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