Opinion polling prior to the election indicated significant leads for Nuevas Ideas in the legislative and municipal elections. The election resulted in a landslide victory for Nuevas Ideas, which won a majority of the legislative seats, mayors and municipal councils and PARLACEN deputies.[2][3] When the 13th session of the Legislative Assembly began on 1 May 2021, Nuevas Ideas formed a supermajority government with the Grand Alliance for National Unity, the National Coalition Party, and the Christian Democratic Party. The 2021 election was the last where Salvadorans elected 84 deputies of the Legislative Assembly and 262 mayors and municipal councils, as prior to the 2024 general election, the Legislative Assembly voted to approve two proposals made by Bukele which reduced the number of legislative seats to 60[4] and the number of municipalities to 44.[5]
Nayib Bukele speaking on 1 June 2019, the day of his inauguration.
The 2019 presidential election was held on 3 February 2019. The presidential candidates were: Carlos Calleja of ARENA, Hugo Martínez of the FMLN, Josué Alvarado of Vamos, and Nayib Bukele of the Grand Alliance for National Unity (GANA).[8] Although ARENA and the FMLN had held the presidency in a de facto two-party system since 1989,[9] GANA's Bukele, who had previously been expelled from the FMLN in 2017 for verbally attacking a party official,[10] led virtually every poll in the lead up to the election.[8] In the election, Bukele won 53.10 percent of the vote, forging the need for a potential second round in March 2019.[11] Bukele was inaugurated on 1 June 2019, becoming the first president to not be a member of either ARENA or the FMLN since José Napoleón Duarte of the Christian Democratic Party (PDC) left office in 1989.[12]
As a part of his Territorial Control Plan, a government anti-crime and security plan, Bukele sought to receive a US$109 million dollar loan from the Central American Bank for Economic Integration to fund his plan.[13][14] Bukele required the Legislative Assembly's approval, but ARENA and the FMLN, the legislature's two largest parties, both opposed the Territorial Control Plan.[15] On 6 February 2020, Bukele invoked article 167 of the country's constitution which ordered members of the Legislative Assembly to convene an extraordinary session.[16] On 9 February 2020, the date of the extraordinary session, Bukele order 40 soldiers armed forces to enter the Legislative Assembly, however, most deputies did not attend the extraordinary session.[13] Various members of the Legislative Assembly denounced the event as an "attempted coup".[17]
In March 2020, at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Bukele ordered a nationwide lockdown. The National Civil Police (PNC) arrested 4,236 people for violating the lockdown order, which Human Rights Watch denounced as leading to arbitrary arrests and police abuses.[18] In April 2020, after a spike in homicides, Bukele ordered large-scale prison lockdowns and authorized the PNC to use lethal force against gang members.[19] Although the country's homicide rate decreased from 36 homicides per 100,000 people in 2019 to 19.7 homicides per 100,000 people in 2020,[20] both the El Faro digital newspaper and the United States Department of the Treasury alleged that Bukele's government had secretly negotiated with the Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and 18th Street (Barrio 18) criminal gangs to lower the country's homicide rate.[21][22]
Electoral system
Election procedure
Legislative elections were held in El Salvador two years after the 2019 presidential election and three years after the 2018 legislative election. The 84 deputies of the Legislative Assembly, 262 mayors and municipal councils of the country's municipalities (second-level subdivisions), and 20 deputies of the Central American Parliament were elected through a popular vote. The constitution of El Salvador mandated that the election would be "free, direct, equal and secret".[23]
Deputies of the Legislative Assembly, mayors and municipal council members, and deputies of the Central American Parliament were elected by open-listproportional representation. The 84 deputies of the Legislative Assembly were elected in 14 constituencies for the country's 14 departments (first-level subdivisions), the 262 mayors and municipal councils were elected in one constituency each, and the 20 deputies of the Central American Parliament were elected from one nationwide constituency.[23][24]
Political parties
Political parties had to be registered with the Supreme Electoral Court to be able to participate in the election. The following table shows the ten political parties which were eligible to participate in the 2021 election.[25][26]
The following table lists the number of registered voters for the 2024 election in all fourteen departments, as well as the number of seats in the Legislative Assembly and number of municipalities assigned to each department. The figures, as published by the Supreme Electoral Court, were accurate as of 1 November 2020[update].[27][28]
Twenty incumbent deputies of the Legislative Assembly did not be running for re-election in 2021 due to them choosing to run for another office, being eliminated during their party's primary elections, or them choosing to not seek public office in 2021.[31] Meanwhile, all five of the six retiring FMLN deputies were term limited by internal party statutes prohibiting deputies from seeking three consecutive terms on the Legislative Assembly.[32]
Political parties had until 29 July 2020 to hold their primary elections.[33]
Nuevas Ideas
Through its social networks, the Nuevas Ideas political party denounced that the Electoral Board of the Supreme Electoral Court in Cabañas refused to register its candidates so that they could participate in the elections.[34]
Nuevas Ideas formed political coalitions with GANA for some legislative elections;[35] with GANA, the PCN, and Democratic Change in some municipal elections;[36] and with Democratic Change in the PARLACEN election.[37]
Nationalist Republican Alliance
ARENA formed political coalitions with Salvadoran Democracy and the PCN in some legislative elections[35] and the PCN in some municipal elections.[36]
Grand Alliance for National Unity
GANA formed political coalitions with Nuevas Ideas for some legislative elections[35] and with Nuevas Ideas, the PCN, and Democratic Change in some municipal elections.[36]
National Coalition Party
The PCN formed political coalitions with ARENA and Salvadoran Democracy in some legislative elections[35] and with Nuevas Ideas, GANA, and ARENA in some municipal elections.[36]
Other parties
Democratic Change formed political coalitions with ARENA and the PCN in all its legislative elections;[35] with Nuevas Ideas and GANA in all its municipal elections;[36] and with Nuevas Ideas in the PARLACEN election.[37]
Salvadoran Democracy formed political coalitions with ARENA and the PCN in all its legislative elections.[35] It did not participate in the municipal or PARLACEN elections.[38]
Two independents—Leonardo Bonilla and Jesús Segovia—contested in the legislative elections in San Salvador and La Paz, respectively.[35]
Opinion polls
The following tables list the results of opinion polls for the 2021 legislative elections conducted between September 2019 and February 2021 in reverse chronological order. The party with the highest percentage is listed in bold and displayed with its background shaded, and the party with the second highest percentage is listed in bold. The lead column shows the percentage between the parties with the first and second highest percentages. In instances where the fieldwork date is unavailable, the publication date is used instead. When available, the projected seat count is listed below the percentage.
^Expatriates were unable to vote in the election. As such, the 431,445 expatriates were not included in the total figure of 5,389,017 registered voters.[29][30]
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