South Midland Division
48th (South Midland) Division
48th (South Midland) Infantry Division
48th Infantry (Reserve) Division
The divisional insignia. Historian Michael Chappell comments that starting in 1918 the white diamond "was painted on helmets ... with regimental badges superimposed" upon it.[1]
Active1908–1919
1920–1945
Country United Kingdom
Branch British Army
TypeInfantry
RoleInfantry, home defence, and training
SizeDivision
Peacetime HQWarwick
EngagementsFirst World War
Second World War
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Robert Fanshawe
Sir Harold Walker
Frank Roberts
Sir Andrew Thorne
Insignia
Identification
symbol
Divisional insignia adopted following the Battle of France in 1940.[2]

The 48th (South Midland) Division was an infantry division of the British Army. Part of the Territorial Force (TF) and raised in 1908, the division was originally called the South Midland Division, and was redesignated as the 48th (South Midland) Division in 1915. During the First World War, the division saw service on the Western Front before being transferred to the Italian Front in November 1917 and remaining there for the rest of the war.

Reformed in 1920 in the Territorial Army (TA) as the 48th (South Midland) Infantry Division, it saw active service in the Second World War with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in Belgium and France before being evacuated from Dunkirk to the United Kingdom. It was converted into a training reserve division in December 1942, remaining in the United Kingdom in that status for the rest of the war. Disbanded after the war, the division was not reformed again. In both world wars, the division raised a second line reserve formation; the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division in the First World War, and 61st Division in the Second World War.

Formation

In 1901, following lessons learned from the Second Boer War and diplomatic clashes with the growing German Empire, the United Kingdom sought to reform the British Army so it would be able to engage in European affairs if required. This task fell to Secretary of State for War, Richard Haldane who implemented several policies known as the Haldane Reforms. As part of these reforms, the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 created a new Territorial Force by merging the existing Yeomanry and Volunteer Force in 1908.[3] This resulted in the creation of 14 Territorial Divisions, including the South Midland Division.[4][5]

As part of the legislation, the territorials were only liable to serve within the United Kingdom.[4] Haldane envisioned that the territorials would take over the defence of the country against what was perceived as a very real threat of invasion, which would allow the regular army to be deployed aboard. In addition, Haldane saw the territorials as a source of reinforcements for the regular army. Six months following mobilisation, during which time the troops would have come up to an acceptable training standard, Haldane was confident that up to a quarter of the men would opt to go and fight abroad.[4][6][7]

The 1910 edition of the Hazell's Annual reported that, in 1909, "The South Midland Division ... had 13 units up to or over establishment, and the others very little below it."[8] The following year, the Territorial Force as a whole peaked at a strength of 276,000 men; 26,000 men short of the peacetime establishment set by Haldane's reforms. However, between 1910 and 1914, the overall strength of the force had declined to 250,000, 52,000 short of the peacetime establishment.[4] In peacetime, the divisional headquarters was in the Old Barracks in Warwick.[9][10]

First World War

1914

Recruiting poster for the South Midland Divisional Cyclist Company

In August 1914, the South Midland Division departed for its annual summer training camp. The 143rd (Warwickshire) Brigade, for example, departed for Rhyl in northern Wales. Following the declaration of war, the division was mobilised and moved south to take up defensive positions along the southern coast.[11][12] Due to German-invasion scares, the division-numbering 6,000 men-moved to Essex. While there was no invasion, the division remained in the area on defensive duties and to continue training.[13][14]

During the opening weeks of the war, as the Territorials were not required to be deployed overseas, the troops were asked to volunteer. By the end of August, more than 70 battalions across the Territorial Force had volunteered with the number rising higher as the year progressed.[15] The members of the division who did not, or were not able to, volunteer for overseas service, were transferred to newly created second line units intended for home defence. These second line units were eventually formed into the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division and, following the passing of the Military Service Act 1916, deployed to France in February 1916.[16][17] In March 1915, with the threat of a German invasion having subsided, the South Midland Division was dispatched to France with the territorials who had volunteered for overseas service.[18]

1915–1918

Lieutenant Baxter's Platoon, C Company, 1/7th Battalion, Worcestershire Regiment, resting in a cornfield near Lavieville, September 1916.

On the outbreak of war, the division composed the Warwickshire Brigade, the Gloucester and Worcester Brigade and the South Midland Brigade. The division was redesignated the 48th (South Midland) Division, and its brigades became the 143rd (Warwickshire) Brigade, 144th (Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade and 145th (South Midland) Brigade respectively. The division was sent to France in March 1915 and served on the Western Front. It took part in the Battle of the Somme in 1916, the Battle of Pozières and the Third Battle of Ypres.[19] In November 1917, the division was sent to Italy, where it remained until the end of the War. It fought the on Asiago Plateau (15–16 June 1918) and the Battle of Vittorio Veneto.[19]

Interwar

After the war, the 48th Divisional Signal Company was posted to Iran as part of Norperforce.[24] The division was disbanded in June 1919, along with the rest of the Territorial Force. However, the Territorial Force was reformed in 1920 as the Territorial Army (TA) and the 48th Division was reconstituted as the 48th (South Midland) Infantry Division.

During the interwar period, the British Army envisioned that, during future conflicts, the Territorial Army would be used as the basis for future expansion so as to avoid raising a new Kitchener's Army. However, as the 1920s and 1930s wore on, the British Government prioritised funding for the regular army over the territorials, allowing recruitment and equipment levels to languish.[25] Baron Templemore, as part of a House of Lords debate on the Territorial Army, stated that the division - on 1 October 1924 - mustered 338 officers and 7,721 other ranks.[26] Historian David French highlights that "by April 1937 the Territorial Army had reached less than 80 per cent of its shrunken peacetime establishment" and "Its value as an immediate reserve was, therefore, limited."[25] Edward Smalley comments that "48th Divisional Signals operated on an improvised organizational structure" for most of the 1930s, due to being below 50 per cent strength. He further highlights how the TA, and the division in particular, "never kept pace with technological developments." In 1937, the division was operating just two radio sets on a full-time basis and had to borrow additional units from the 3rd Infantry Division for annual training camps.[27]

Second World War

An officer briefs his section leaders during an exercise in the snow by men of the 1/7th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment, between Douai and Orchies, France, 26 January 1940.

On the outbreak of the Second World War, the 48th Division was mobilised in early September 1939, under the command of Major General Frank Roberts, who had won the Victoria Cross (VC) in the Great War. After spending a few months in England training the division, now commanded by Major General Sir Andrew Thorne after Roberts' retirement in December, landed in France in early January 1940[28] and became part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), the first complete division of the TA to do so. The division came under command of Lieutenant General Sir John Dill's I Corps. Soon after their arrival, the 48th Division exchanged some of its units with the Regular divisions. For example, in the 143rd Brigade, the 5th Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment was exchanged with the 1st Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, a Regular Army unit, and transferred to the 11th Infantry Brigade, of the 4th Infantry Division. This was official policy within the BEF and was, in theory, intended to strengthen the inexperienced Territorial divisions with experienced Regulars.[29]

France and Dunkirk

When the Germans invaded France and the Low Countries on 10 May 1940, the BEF moved forward to occupy pre-planned positions in Belgium, but the rapid German breakthrough into France caused it to retreat towards Dunkirk.

On 23 May, 48th Division was pulled out to form a new defence line along the canal between Saint-Omer and the coast. Lord Gort's BEF story describes the distinguished and heroic defence by General Thorne, commanding the 48th Division and the delaying actions of his 145th Brigade at Cassel and Hazebrouck and 144th Brigade at Wormhoudt, saying that "it was their defence on the western side of the corridor in the closing stages that allowed so many of their comrades to pass into safety". The 48th and 44th Divisions withstood repeated attacks along the 20 mile frontage. On the 28th May when the front began to crumble all around them, they were ordered to continue to hold for a few more hours. The garrison from 145 Brigade at Hazebrouck was overrun but some elements at Cassel and 144 Brigade at Wormhoudt withdrew that night. The remnants of 44th division and 48th Division were attached to 1st Corps and the last to leave the beaches on the 30th May.[30]

During the same time frame the 48th divisional CRA (Commander, Royal Artillery), Brigadier Edward Lawson, was sent with 'X Force' of artillery, machine guns and infantry ahead of the division to occupy the chosen positions.[31] However, the unexpected surrender of Belgian forces on 27 May 1940 led to a gap appearing between 48th Division in action around Saint-Omer and the coast at Nieuwpoort. Until II Corps could arrive to plug this gap, Lawson was responsible for what the Official History calls 'the most dangerously exposed part of the bridgehead'.[32] He was ordered by the commander of the Dunkirk perimeter, the III Corps commander Lieutenant-General Ronald Adam, to improvise a defence line along the canal and prevent the Germans breaking through to the vital beaches east of Dunkirk where much of the BEF was waiting to be evacuated. At 11.00 on 28 May, advanced German troops reached the canal line, but Lawson seized on the Territorial gunners of the 53rd (London) Medium Regiment, RA who were marching towards Dunkirk having fired off all their ammunition and destroyed their guns. Together with detachments of Regular gunners from both the 2nd Medium and 1st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiments, and sappers from 7th Field Company, Royal Engineers, they fought as infantry to hold the line. They came under heavy mortar and machine gun fire, and the Germans seized a bridgehead at Nieuwpoort, but all subsequent attacks that day were repulsed. Brigadier Lawson's scratch force was relieved next day and then evacuated to Britain.[32][33][34][35][36]

Home defence and training

The 48th Division, much depleted in numbers, completed its return to the United Kingdom on 1 June. The division, commanded from 18 June by Major General Roderic Petre, was subsequently posted to Western Command, Southern Command, and VIII Corps under Lieutenant General Harold Franklyn and began training in preparation to repel Operation Sea Lion, the German invasion of England, which proved abortive.[41]

During the war, the divisions of the British Army were divided between "Higher Establishment" and "Lower Establishment" formations. The former were intended for deployment overseas for field operations, whereas the latter were strictly for home defence in a static role.[43][44] During November 1941, the division was placed on the "Lower Establishment" and assigned to I Corps District, commanded by Lieutenant General Henry Willcox.[41]

Men of the 1/7th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment, digging in with entrenching tools during training at Horncastle, 15 April 1942.

During the winter of 1942–43, the British Army overhauled its training of recruits. The 48th was one of three divisions that were changed from "Lower Establishment" units to "Reserve Divisions".[45] On 20 December, the division was renamed the 48th Infantry (Reserve) Division, becoming a training formation in the process. This reorganisation took place during 1943 and the division held this training role for the remainder of the war.[41][45][46] These three divisions were supplemented by a fourth training formation (the 80th Infantry (Reserve) Division), which was raised on 1 January 1943.[47] The 48th Infantry (Reserve) Division was assigned to Northern Command[46] Soldiers who had completed their corps training were sent to these training divisions.[48][c] The soldiers were given five weeks of additional training at the section, platoon and company level, before undertaking a final three-day exercise. Troops would then be ready to be sent overseas to join other formations.[48] Training was handled in this manner to relieve the "Higher Establishment" divisions from being milked for replacements for other units and to allow them to intensively train without having to cope with recruits.[46] During this period, from 17 October 1942 until 30 September 1943, the 10th Tank Brigade was assigned to the division for the holding and training of reinforcements to armoured units.[49] On 7 November 1943, the 145th Infantry Brigade was disbanded.[40]

On 30 June 1944, the 48th Infantry (Reserve) Division, along with the other training divisions (the 76th, 77th, and the 80th), had a combined total of 22,355 men. Of this number, only 1,100 were immediately available as replacements for the 21st Army Group, at the time of Operation Overlord and the Battle of Normandy.[50][d] The remaining 21,255 men were considered ineligible for service abroad due to a variety of reasons, ranging from medical, not being considered fully fit or insufficiently trained. Over the following six months, up to 75 per cent of these men were deployed to reinforce the 21st Army Group, following the completion of their training and having met the required fitness levels.[52] In 2007, Stephen Hart wrote that, by September, the 21st Army Group "had bled Home Forces dry of draftable riflemen", due to the losses suffered in the Battle of Normandy, leaving the army in Britain (with the exception of the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division) with just "young lads, old men and the unfit".[53]

Due to the decreased need for such a formation, the division was disbanded after the war on 1 November 1945.[54]

Postwar

The division was not reformed in the Territorial Army in 1947. In 1961 the division became a district headquarters as 48th (South Midland) Division/District,[60][61] and it was disbanded on the reduction of the TA into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve on 1 April 1967, when many individual TA units lost their identities.[62] The district headquarters itself formed the core of the structure for the creation of West Midlands District under HQ UK Land Forces in 1972.[63]

General officer commanding

See also: General officer commanding

Commanders included:

Appointed General officer commanding
April 1908 Brigadier-General Herbert Raitt[64]
September 1911 Major-General Alexander Thorneycroft[64]
1 July 1912 Major-General John Keir[65]
27 July 1914 Major-General Edward Graham[65]
5 August 1914 Major-General Henry Heath (sick, 7 May 1915)[65]
7 May 1915 Brigadier-General W. K. McClintock (acting)[65]
31 May 1915 Major-General Sir Robert Fanshawe[65]
20 June 1918 Brigadier-General J Steele (acting)[65]
4 July 1918 Major-General Sir Harold Walker[65]
April 1923 Major-General Sir Percy Radcliffe[64]
April 1926 Major-General Thomas Tait Pitman[64]
April 1930 Major-General Ivo Vesey[64]
June 1931 Major-General Cuthbert Fuller[64]
June 1935 Major-General Stephen Butler[64]
June 1939 Major-General Frank Crowther Roberts[64]
8 October 1939 Brigadier Honorable Edward Lawson (acting)[41]
23 October 1939 Major-General Andrew Thorne[41]
7 June 1940 Brigadier James Muirhead (acting)[41]
18 June 1940 Major-General Roderic Loraine Petre[41]
8 October 1941 Major-General Arthur Grassett[41]
14 November 1941 Brigadier James Muirhead (acting)[41]
7 December 1941 Major-General Hayman Hayman-Joyce[41]
29 August 1943 Brigadier Philip Bowden-Smith (acting)[41]
3 September 1943 Brigadier William Leslie Dibben (acting)[41]
6 September 1943 Major-General Horatio Berney-Ficklin[41]
29 March 1944 (until 1946) Major-General William Bradshaw [41]
February 1961 Major-General John Worsley[64]
March 1963 Major-General John Willoughby[64]
April 1965 (until April 1967) Major-General Peter Gillett[64]

See also

Notes

Footnotes
  1. ^ a b c 1/8th Warwicks, 1/8th Worcs and 1/5th Glosters left the division on 11 and 12 September 1918 and proceeded to the BEF on the Western Front where they joined 75th Brigade, 25th Division.[19]
  2. ^ The divisional artillery was originally organised as 9 batteries of four 15 pounders and 2 batteries of four 5" howitzers. By January 1917, it had been re-armed with modern weapons and reorganised with 6 batteries of six 18 pounders and 2 batteries of six 4.5" howitzers.[19]
  3. ^ Having entered military service, a recruit was assigned to the General Service Corps. They would then undertake six weeks training at a Primary Training Centre and take aptitude and intelligence tests. The recruit would then be posted to a Corps Training Centre specialising in the arm of the service they were joining. For those who would be joining the infantry, corps training involved a further sixteen week course. For more specialised roles, such as signallers, it could be up to thirty weeks.[48]
  4. ^ The war establishment—the paper strength—of a "Higher Establishment" infantry division in 1944 was 18,347 men.[51]
Citations
  1. ^ Chappell 1986, p. 24.
  2. ^ "Badge, formation, 48th (South Midland) Infantry Division". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  3. ^ Perry 1988, pp. 4–6.
  4. ^ a b c d Perry 1988, p. 6.
  5. ^ FitzM. Stacke 2013, p. xxviii.
  6. ^ Beckett 1991, p. 215.
  7. ^ Hall 2011, p. 20.
  8. ^ Hall 1910, p. 213.
  9. ^ a b Conrad, Mark (1996). "The British Army, 1914". Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  10. ^ Westlake, Ray (2011). The Territorials, 1908–1914: A Guide for Military and Family Historians. Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1848843608.
  11. ^ Carter 2011, pp. 26, 30.
  12. ^ Harris & Whippy 2008, p. 8.
  13. ^ Mitchinson 2008, p. 209.
  14. ^ Swan 2015, p. 23.
  15. ^ Simkins 2007, pp. 43–46.
  16. ^ FitzM. Stacke 2013, p. 46.
  17. ^ Ogle 1993, p. 8.
  18. ^ FitzM. Stacke 2013, p. 67.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Becke 1936, pp. 77–83.
  20. ^ Baker, Chris. "The 48th (South Midland) Division in 1914-1918". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  21. ^ Farndale, p. 94.
  22. ^ Rinaldi, Richard A. "Royal Engineers, World War I" (PDF). Orbat.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2014.
  23. ^ Lord & Watson, p. 159.
  24. ^ Haldane.
  25. ^ a b French 2001, p. 53.
  26. ^ "THE TERRITORIAL FORCE: HL Deb 22 July 1925 vol 62 cc243-66". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 22 July 1925. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  27. ^ Smalley 2015, pp. 88–89.
  28. ^ Joslen 2003, pp. 77–78.
  29. ^ Palmer, Rob (22 January 2012). "48th (South Midland) Infantry Division (1939)" (PDF). British Military History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  30. ^ Lord Gort's Story of the BEF, Evening Dispatch 17th October 1941 p.3 accessed 31st June 2023
  31. ^ Ellis, France & Flanders, Ch. VIII [1].
  32. ^ a b Ellis, France & Flanders, Ch. IX [2].
  33. ^ Butler & Bradford, pp. 158–9.
  34. ^ Bryant, pp. 144–5, 149.
  35. ^ Richards.
  36. ^ Chronology at 53rd Regt website.
  37. ^ a b c d e f Joslen 2003, p. 76.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Joslen 2003, p. 328.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Joslen 2003, p. 329.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Joslen 2003, p. 330.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av Joslen 2003, p. 77.
  42. ^ TNA WO 167/505
  43. ^ Perry 1988, p. 65.
  44. ^ French 2001, p. 188.
  45. ^ a b Perry 1988, p. 66.
  46. ^ a b c Forty 2013, Reserve Divisions.
  47. ^ Joslen 2003, p. 103.
  48. ^ a b c French 2001, p. 68.
  49. ^ a b c d e Joslen 2003, p. 198.
  50. ^ Hart 2007, p. 52.
  51. ^ Joslen 2003, pp. 130–131.
  52. ^ Hart 2007, pp. 48–51.
  53. ^ Hart 2007, pp. 49–50.
  54. ^ "Territorial Army: HC Deb 27 November 1945 vol 416 cc1248-9W". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 27 November 1945. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  55. ^ a b Joslen 2003, pp. 77, 608.
  56. ^ Daniell, pp. 288–9.
  57. ^ Frederick, pp. 11, 111.
  58. ^ Kemsley, Riesco & Chamberlin, pp. 1–4.
  59. ^ 80th Reconnaissance Regiment at The Reconnaissance Corps website.
  60. ^ MOD. "148 (West Midlands) Brigade - History of the Brigade". Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  61. ^ T F Mills (26 May 2006). "West Midland District". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 16 August 2007.
  62. ^ Watson & Rinaldi, p. 289.
  63. ^ Paxton, J. (1972). The Statesman's Year-Book 1972-73: The Encyclopaedia for the Businessman-of-The-World. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-230-27101-2.
  64. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mackie 2015, p. 207.
  65. ^ a b c d e f g Becke 1936, p. 77.

References

  • Becke, Major A.F. (1936). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 2A. The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56). London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. ISBN 1-871167-12-4.
  • Becke, Major A.F. (1937). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 2B. The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th) with The Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. ISBN 1-871167-00-0.
  • Beckett, Ian Frederick William (1991). The Amateur Military Tradition, 1558-1945. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-719-02912-0.
  • Sir Arthur Bryant, The Turn of the Tide, 1939–1943, London: Collins, 1957.
  • Lt-Col Ewan Butler and Maj J.S. Bradford, The Story of Dunkirk, London: Hutchinson/Arrow, nd.
  • Carter, Terry (2011) [1997]. Birmingham Pals: 14th, 15th & 16th (Service) Battalions of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment; A History of the Three City Battalions Raised in Birmingham in the Great War. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-8488-4422-3.
  • Chappell, Mike (1986). British Battle Insignia 1914–18. Men-At-Arms. Vol. I. London: Osprey. ISBN 978-0-850-45727-8.
  • David Scott Daniell, Cap of Honour: The Story of the Gloucestershire Regiment (The 28th/61st Foot) 1694–1950, London: Harrap, 1951.* Major L. F. Ellis, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940, London: HM Stationery Office, 1954. (Online at [3].)
  • General Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Western Front 1914–18, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1986, ISBN 1-870114-00-0.
  • FitzM. Stacke, H. (2013) [1928]. Worcestershire Regiment in the Great War. Vol. I. Luton: Andrews UK. ISBN 978-1-781-50847-3.
  • Forty, George (2013) [1998]. Companion to the British Army 1939–1945 (ePub ed.). New York: Spellmount. ISBN 978-0-750-95139-5.
  • French, David (2001) [2000]. Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War Against Germany 1919–1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-24630-4.
  • Hall, Hammond (1910). Hazell's Annual for 1910. Hazell, Watson and Viney. OCLC 163066551.
  • Hall, Brian (2011) [1997]. Aspects of Birmingham: Discovering Local History. Barnsley. ISBN 978-1-84884-422-3.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Harris, Clive; Whippy, Julian (2008). The Greater Game: Sporting Icons Who Fell in The Great War. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-844-15762-4.
  • Hart, Stephen Ashley (2007) [2000]. Colossal Cracks: Montgomery's 21st Army Group in North-west Europe, 1944–45. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-811-73383-0.
  • Haldane, J. Aylmer L. Sir (2005). The insurrection in Mesopotamia, 1920. London: The Imperial War Museum in association with The Battery Press. ISBN 1904897169. OCLC 60688896. OL 22727753M. 1904897169.
  • Joslen, H. F. (2003) [1960]. Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.
  • Capt Walter Kemsley & Capt Michael R. Riesco, The Scottish Lion on Patrol: Being the History of the 15th Scottish Reconnaissance Regiment, 1943–46, Bristol: White Swan Press, 1950/Revised edn (Tim Chamberlin, ed), Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2011, ISBN 978-1-39901-874-6.
  • Cliff Lord & Graham Watson, Royal Corps of Signals: Unit Histories of the Corps (1920–2001) and its Antecedents, Solihull: Helion, 2003, ISBN 1-874622-92-2.
  • Mackie, Colin (2015). "Senior Army Appointments: 1860-" (PDF). www.gulabin.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  • Mitchinson, K. W. (2008). England's Last Hope: The Territorial Force, 1908-14. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-57454-0.
  • Ogle, Henry (1993). Glover, Michael (ed.). The Fateful Battle Line: The Great War journals and sketches of Captain Henry Ogle. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 0-85052-560-8.
  • Perry, Frederick William (1988). The Commonwealth Armies: Manpower and Organisation in Two World Wars. War, Armed Forces and Society. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-719-02595-2.
  • Huw Richards, 'Lawson, Edward Frederick, fourth Baron Burnham (1890–1963)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: University Press, 2004–15.
  • Simkins, Frederick Peter (2007) [1988]. Kitchener s Army: The Raising of the New Armies 1914 1916. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-844-15585-9.
  • Smalley, Edward (2015). The British Expeditionary Force, 1939–40. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-49419-1.
  • Swan, Jonathan (2015). Chelmsford in the Great War. Your Towns and Cities in the Great War. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-473-82114-9.
  • Watson, Graham E.; Rinaldi, Richard A. (2018). The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018. Tiger Lily Books. ISBN 978-171790180-4.

External links

Divisions of the British Army
Categories