5 cm KwK 39/1 from a Sd. Kfz. 234/2 Schwerer Panzerspähwagen "Puma"

The 5 cm KwK 39 L/60 (5 cm Kampfwagenkanone 39 L/60) was a German 50 mm calibre tank gun used during the Second World War, primarily as the main armament of later models of the German Panzer III tank from December 1941 onwards.[1] It was produced when the well-armoured T-34 and KV-1 tanks were encountered in ever increasing numbers on the Eastern Front, although it was only partially successful in its role. It was later superseded by the 7.5 cm KwK 40 L/43.

It was also mounted on the Sd.Kfz. 234/2 heavy armoured car, and adapted for mounting in the Me 410 aircraft.

History

The gun was developed as a variant of the 5 cm Pak 38 towed anti-tank gun.[2] On the Panzer III, it replaced the 5 cm KwK 38, which had an L/42 calibre length and a lower muzzle velocity. However, even the 5 cm KwK 39 gun with a longer barrel, higher muzzle velocity and more penetration was not sufficient against newer Soviet T-34 and KV-1 tanks. Therefore, as time went on, the Panzer III was no longer effective as a medium tank that could engage in fights with enemy tanks. So, a new role for the Panzer III tank was found. On the Panzer III, the 5 cm KwK 39 was phased out in favor of the shorter but larger calibre 7.5 cm KwK 37 L/24 low velocity guns[1] that could fire more effective HE and HEAT rounds. HE howitzer type rounds with explosive forces and shrapnel were very effective against infantry, machine gun nests and towed enemy guns on the battlefield. However, early HEAT rounds were somewhat unreliable. They were useful against hardened fortifications and had a good, though limited, capability against enemy armour. Thus, they were used against enemy tanks mostly in an emergency. With these changes, the Panzer III with the 7.5 cm KwK became an infantry support tank late in its career, while the new, much more capable 7.5 cm KwK 40 L/43 was mounted on the larger Panzer IV Ausf. F2 (and the longer L/48 on subsequent Ausf. versions) to fight the KV and T-34 tanks.

Ammunition

Average penetration performance established against rolled homogenous steel armour plate laid back at 30° from the vertical. KwK 39 used shell 50×420 mm. R [3]

PzGr (Armour-piercing)
Penetration[4]
Range 100 m
(330 ft)		 500 m
(1,600 ft)		 1,000 m
(3,300 ft)		 1,500 m
(4,900 ft)		 2,000 m
(6,600 ft)
Penetration 67 mm
(2.6 in)		 57 mm
(2.2 in)		 44 mm
(1.7 in)		 34 mm
(1.3 in)		 —
PzGr. 39 (Armour-piercing, capped, ballistic cap)
Penetration[4]
Range 100 m
(330 ft)		 500 m
(1,600 ft)		 1,000 m
(3,300 ft)		 1,500 m
(4,900 ft)		 2,000 m
(6,600 ft)
Penetration 69 mm
(2.7 in)		 59 mm
(2.3 in)		 48 mm
(1.9 in)		 37 mm
(1.5 in)		 —

PzGr. 40 (Armour-piercing, composite, rigid)

Penetration[4]
Range 100 m
(330 ft)		 500 m
(1,600 ft)		 1,000 m
(3,300 ft)		 1,500 m
(4,900 ft)		 2,000 m
(6,600 ft)
Penetration 130 mm
(5.1 in)		 72 mm
(2.8 in)		 38 mm
(1.5 in)		 — —
PzGr. 40/1 (Armour-piercing, composite, rigid)
Penetration[4]
Range 100 m
(330 ft)		 500 m
(1,600 ft)		 1,000 m
(3,300 ft)		 1,500 m
(4,900 ft)		 2,000 m
(6,600 ft)
Penetration 116 mm
(4.6 in)		 76 mm
(3.0 in)		 — — —
Calculated penetration figures (at 90 degrees) using American and British 50% success criteria.[5]
Gun type Ammunition type Muzzle velocity
(m/s)		 Penetration (mm)
100 m 500 m 1000 m 1500 m 2000 m
5.0 cm KwK 39 L/60 Pzgr. 39 APCBC 835 m/s (2,740 ft/s) 102 85 68 54 43
5.0 cm KwK 39 L/60 Pzgr. 40 APCR 1,180 m/s (3,900 ft/s) 149 108 72 56 48
5 cm Sprgr.Patr.38 (High explosive) [6]

Vehicles mounted on

Aerial version

Bordkanone-series BK 5 heavy-caliber autocannon

See also

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 5 cm KwK 39.
  1. ^ a b c Rottman, Gordon L. (2008). M3 Medium Tank Vs Panzer III: Kasserine Pass 1943. Osprey Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-84603-261-5.
  2. ^ Rottman, Gordon L. p.4-5
  3. ^ "Munition der 5 cm Pak 38/KwK 39". www.michaelhiske.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-01-16.
  4. ^ a b c d Ankerstjerne, Christian. "Armor Penetration Table". PanzerWorld.com.
  5. ^ Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. (2001). WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Overmatch Press. p. 61.
  6. ^ "Germany's 50 mm Guns". WWIIvehicles.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
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