6.5mm Grendel
6.5mm Grendel showing variety of bullets—144 gr (9.3 g) to 90 gr (5.8 g)
Type	Rifle
Place of origin	United States
Production history
Designer	Bill Alexander and Janne Pohjoispää
Designed	2003[1]
Specifications
Parent case	.220 Russian (5.6×39mm)[2]
Case type	Rimless, bottleneck
Bullet diameter	6.71 mm (0.264 in)
Land diameter	6.50 mm (0.256 in)
Neck diameter	7.44 mm (0.293 in)
Shoulder diameter	10.87 mm (0.428 in)
Base diameter	11.15 mm (0.439 in)
Rim diameter	11.2 mm (0.44 in)
Rim thickness	1.5 mm (0.059 in)
Case length	38.7 mm (1.52 in)
Overall length	57.5 mm (2.26 in)
Case capacity	2.3 cm3 (35 gr H2O)
Rifling twist	1 in 200 mm (8 in) or 1 in 230 mm (9 in)
Primer type	Small rifle
Maximum pressure	360 MPa (52,000 psi)
Ballistic performance
Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy 90 gr (6 g) Speer TNT 2,880 ft/s (880 m/s) 1,658 ft⋅lbf (2,248 J) 108 gr (7 g) Scenar (moly)[3] 2,790 ft/s (850 m/s) 1,866 ft⋅lbf (2,530 J) 120 gr (8 g) Norma FMJBT 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s) 1,942 ft⋅lbf (2,633 J) 123 gr (8 g) Sierra Matchking 2,650 ft/s (810 m/s) 1,917 ft⋅lbf (2,599 J) 130 gr (8 g) Norma 2,510 ft/s (770 m/s) 1,818 ft⋅lbf (2,465 J)
Test barrel length: 24 inches (610 mm) Source(s): Alexander Arms Pressure-safe Load Data

The 6.5mm Grendel is an intermediate cartridge jointly designed by British-American armorer Bill Alexander, competitive shooter Arne Brennan (of Houston, Texas) and Lapua ballistician Janne Pohjoispää, as a low-recoil, high-precision rifle cartridge specifically for the AR-15 platform at medium/long range (200–800 yard). It is an improved variation of the 6.5mm PPC.^[4]

The 6.5mm Grendel cartridge was first unveiled in May 2003 at the Blackwater Training Facility in North Carolina, where it remained supersonic at 1,200 yd (1,100 m) range and out-shot the 7.62mm NATO with only half the recoil.^[5] Since its introduction, it has proven to be a versatile cartridge and is now expanding into other firearm design platforms including bolt-action rifles and the Kalashnikov system.^[6]

The name "Grendel" is inspired by the mythical monster antagonist from the Old English epic poem Beowulf.^[7] It was a trademark owned by Alexander Arms (Bill Alexander's company in Radford, Virginia) and manufactured at Radford Arsenal,^[8] until legally released in 2010 for SAAMI standardization with collaboration from Hornady.^[7][9][10]

Development and history

The goal of the 6.5mm Grendel design was to create an effective STANAG magazine-length cartridge for the AR-15 platform that could reach 200–800 yd (180–730 m) and surpass the performance of the native 5.56mm NATO/.223 Remington cartridge. Constrained by the dimension of the STANAG magazines, the Grendel's designers decided to use a shorter, larger-diameter case for higher powder volume while allowing space for the long, streamlined, high ballistic coefficient 6.5mm (.264 cal.) bullets. Firing factory-loaded ammunition with bullets ranging from 90 to 129 grains (5.8 to 8.4 g), its muzzle velocity varies from 2,500 ft/s (760 m/s) with 129- and 130-grain (8.4 g) bullets to 2,900 ft/s (880 m/s) with 90 gr (5.8 g) bullets (similar in velocity to a 77-grain (5.0 g) 5.56 mm round). Depending on their case material and bullet weight, 6.5mm Grendel cartridges weigh 14.7 to 17.8 grams (227 to 275 gr).

The case head diameter of the Grendel is the same as that of the 5.6×39mm (.220 Russian), 7.62×39mm and 6.5mm PPC cases. This diameter is larger than the 5.56×45mm NATO, thereby necessitating the use of a non-standard AR-15 bolt. The increased case diameter results in a small reduction in the magazine ammo capacities. A 6.5mm Grendel magazine with the same dimensions as a 30-round STANAG magazine will hold 26 rounds of Grendel ammunition.

Performance

Proponents assert that the Grendel is a good "middle ground" between the 5.56×45mm NATO and the 7.62×51mm NATO. It retains greater terminal energy at extended ranges than either of these cartridges due to its higher ballistic coefficient (BC).^[2] For example, the 123 gr (8.0 g) 6.5 mm Grendel bullet has more kinetic energy and better body armor penetration at 1,000 m (1,100 yd) than the larger and heavier 147 gr (9.5 g) bullet of the M80 7.62mm NATO round.^{[11][12][13][14]}

In order to obtain ballistics that are superior to the 7.62×51mm cartridge, a weapon with a longer barrel and firing a heavier bullet is necessary. To achieve the same results from shorter-length barrels, even heavier bullets are needed.^[15]

External ballistics

As noted above, the Grendel case is very closely related to the .220 Russian case. In general, each additional grain of bullet weight will reduce muzzle velocity by 10.8 ft/s (50.8 m/s for each gram) and each additional inch of barrel length will increase muzzle velocity by 20 ft/s (2.4 m/s for each centimeter). Specific details are available as graphs derived from Alexander Arms' public domain load table linked below.

LE and Military usage

Serbia is in process of adopting a rifle made by Zastava Arms^{[16][better source needed]} in 6.5 mm Grendel caliber as main armament for its armed forces. The rifle, designated Zastava M19, is a derivative of the previous-issue M70 rifle.^[17] An American-manufactured rifle in 6.5mm Grendel caliber may also be adopted in armament for special forces units after it passes testing in Technical Testing Center. ^{[citation needed]} Three types of 6.5mm Grendel ammunition produced by Prvi Partizan, Užice, Serbia will be tested for use with these rifles.^{[18][19][20][21][22]}