7th Division
7th Infantry Division
A white circle on a black square background
The divisional insignia during the First World War (1916 onwards)
Active1811 - 1814
1900 - 1902
1914 - 1919
1938 - 1939
Country United Kingdom
Branch British Army
Nickname(s)The Mongrels (Peninsular War)
The Immortal Seventh (First World War)
Engagements

The 7th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army, first established by The Duke of Wellington as part of the Anglo-Portuguese Army for service in the Peninsular War, and was active also during the First World War from 1914 to 1919, and briefly in the Second World War in 1939.

Peninsular War

During the French Revolutionary Wars and early in the Napoleonic Wars, the largest permanent organised structure within the British Army was the brigade. The brigade, which consisted of two or more battalions grouped together under the command of a major-general, suited the small size of the army and the operations that it conducted. When needed, larger forces were organised on an ad hoc basis. This included multiple brigades grouped into 'lines' or 'columns'. As the army and its operations grew, it implemented divisions—a single formation of two or more brigades, usually commanded by a lieutenant-general. The division concept was not new and had been used by other European armies towards the end of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). On 18 June 1809, Lieutenant-General Arthur Wellesley, commander of British forces in Spain and Portugal during the Peninsular War, reorganised his force into four divisions.[1] The following year, with the further expansion of his force, Wellington created the 7th Division. It consisted of British, German, Portuguese, and French troops. Due to the mixture of nationalities as well as line and light regiments, the division had a multitude of uniforms. This coined the nickname of The Mongrels.[2]

The division was present at the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro the Battle of Vitoria the Battle of the Pyrenees the Battle of Nivelle the Battle of the Nive and the Battle of Orthez.[3]

Second Boer War

The 7th Division was re-activated during the Second Boer War. The division took part in the Battle of Poplar Grove (March 1900) and the following occupation of Bloemfontein, then took part in Lord Roberts′ march to Pretoria.[4]

First World War

Column of the 2nd Battalion, Gordon Highlanders marching to the trenches along the Becordel–Fricourt road, France, October 1916.

The 7th Division was a Regular Army formation that was formed in September 1914 by combining units returning from garrison outposts in the British Empire at the outbreak of the First World War the previous month.[5][6] During the war, the division fought in the First Battle of Ypres, the Battle of Neuve Chapelle, the Battle of Aubers Ridge, the Battle of Festubert, the Battle of Loos, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Passchendaele, and the Battle of Vittorio Veneto.[6]

The division landed at Zeebrugge in Belgium on 6 October 1914 in an attempt to support the Belgian Army's defence of Antwerp, but was soon forced to retreat south-west as that city fell a few days later. It then played a crucial part in the stabilisation of the front during the First Battle of Ypres, preventing a German breakthrough, although at a high cost in terms of casualties.[7] A floating division, the 7th was the first British Division to enter Ypres on 14 October. It was ordered to hold the line, while Field Marshal French brought up his remaining six divisions and redeployed them from the Aisne to the sea. The division held an 8 mile front for two weeks, opposite some 340,000 Germans. Some 18,000 soldiers strong on 15 October, the 7th left the line on 31 October, with just 2,000 troops remaining, mostly transport and supply.[8]

The 7th Division fought in most of the major battles on the Western Front through to 1917 before being sent to the Italian Front for the remainder of the war. At the battle of Loos in late 1915, the division's General Officer Commanding (GOC), Major-General Thompson Capper, was killed in action at the height of the fighting. Unlike the first six regular divisions of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), a third of whose strength was made up of regular reservists, the 7th Division was originally composed entirely of serving regular soldiers, which gave rise to the division's nickname, 'The Immortal Seventh'.[6]

Arab Revolt

In 1936, the Arab Revolt broke out in the British Mandate of Palestine.[9] British troops were dispatched, ending the first phase of the war by the close of the year.[10] Fighting soon resumed and reached its zenith during the summer of 1938. With rising tensions in Europe, the British began to withdraw troops from Palestine for use elsewhere.[11] The conclusion of the Munich Agreement—on 30 September 1938—calmed the rising tensions in Europe and averted war, allowing the British to resume their military build-up in Palestine.[12]

The 7th Division was reformed the following month, and placed under the command of Major-General Richard O'Connor.[13] The division was deployed to Palestine on internal security duties as part of a build-up of 18,500 men in the region.[12][14] This force then began to suppress the revolt. Meanwhile, Palestinian guerrillas had overrun the Old City of Jerusalem. O'Connor's men proceeded to sweep the area, declaring the Old City free of militants on 19 October. The same day, the division seized Acre and by the end of the month were clearing Jaffa of rebels.[15][16] Many Palestinians were detained and rebel activity significantly dropped off in the area.[16] In the north, the 8th Infantry Division, under Major-General Bernard Montgomery, and Special Night Squads engaged in counter-terror operations, with O'Connor writing that one brigadier "always encouraged his men to be brutal". General Officer Commanding (GOC) British Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan Robert Haining wrote in late 1938 that "unnecessary violence, vindictiveness ..., [and] killing in cold blood" had to be curbed. O'Connor was likewise opposed to the measures in the north, and wrote "harshness and unnecessary violence on the part of our soldiers" had to be curbed.[17] During the operation in Jerusalem, only four to nineteen guerrillas were killed.[18][19] In early 1939, the revolt finally came to an end.[a]

Second World War

On 31 August, just prior to the war beginning, the headquarters of the 7th Infantry Division relinquished command of all its troops. O'Connor and the divisional staff then left Jerusalem bound for Cairo, Egypt. From Cairo, the men moved forward to Mersa Matruh arriving on 7 September. The headquarters was then assigned all troops based there, with the exception of the 7th Armoured Division.[14] The British Official Historian, I. S. O. Playfair, comments that this decision was undertaken to relieve the burden on Lieutenant-General Henry Maitland Wilson, GOC British Troops in Egypt, of "direct control of operations which had been his in addition to the command of all troops in Egypt".[21] Due to the logistical problems in maintaining substantial forces across the Western Desert and on the Libya–Egypt border, Mersa Matruh was the forward British base of operations and supplied by rail. Positioned 200 miles (320 km) west of Alexandria and 120 miles (190 km) from the border, the location had been chosen to shield forward Royal Air Force (RAF) landing strips behind it and to defend the Nile Delta. Mersa Matruh also offered the British the strategy of drawing Italian or other forces forward to them, to allow a counter-attack after they ran into supply difficulties.[22][23] On 3 November, the division was renamed the 6th Infantry Division.[14]

General officers commanding

See also: General officer commanding
General officer commanding
Appointment date Rank General officer commanding Notes Source(s)
5 March 1811 Major-General William Houston The division was formed in Portugal, for service in the Peninsular War. [2]
1 August 1811 Major-General John Sontag Temporary commander; relinquished position due to ill health in October [24]
October 1811 Lieutenant-General Carl von Alten [2]
2 May 1812 Major-General John Hope [25]
23 September 1812 Major-General John de Bernewitz [26]
25 October 1812 Lieutenant-General George Ramsay [25]
9 October 1813 Major-General Carlos Lecor [27]
18 November 1813 Major-General George Walker Temporary commander; relinquished position on 27 February 1814 [27][28]
February/March 1814 Major-General George Ramsay At the conclusion of the Peninsular War, in 1814, the division was disbanded in France. The final troops departed in June. [29]
24 August 1815 Major-General Sir Thomas Brisbane The division was merged into the Army of Occupation in France on 30 November. [30]
December 1899 Lieutenant-General Charles Tucker The division was mobilized in the United Kingdom for service in the Second Boer War. Tucker maintained command through to the end of 1900 when, while still in southern Africa, the division was broken-up. [31][32]
23 June 1902 Major-General Gerald Morton The division was reformed in Ireland. Morton died in office [33]
30 April 1906 Major-General Herbert Plumer In 1907, the division was renumbered as the 5th Division [34][35][36]
27 August 1914 Major-General Thompson Capper The division was formed in Lyndhurst, Hampshire, for service in the First World War. Capper was wounded in action on 1 April 1915. [37]
6 April 1915 Brigadier-General Sydney Lawford Acting commander [38]
19 April 1915 Major-General Hubert Gough [38]
14 July 1915 Brigadier-General Sydney Lawford Acting commander [38]
19 July 1915 Major-General Thompson Capper Capper died of his wounds on 27 September 1915 [38]
26 September 1915 Brigadier-General Herbert Watts Acting commander [38]
27 September 1915 Major-General Herbert Watts [38]
7 January 1917 Major-General George Barrow [38]
1 April 1917 Major-General Herbert Shoubridge Left division on sick leave on 9 February 1918 [38]
9 February 1918 Brigadier-General Julian Steele Acting commander [38]
22 March 1918 Major-General Herbert Shoubridge The division demobilised in Italy, following the conclusion of hostilities in 1919. [39]
29 September 1938 Major-General Richard O'Connor The division was reformed in Palestine, for service during the Arab revolt. The division was renumbered as the 6th Infantry Division on 3 November 1939. [13][14][40]

Victoria Cross recipients

See also: Victoria Cross
Date of action Rank Name Unit Place of action Country of action Sources

+Victoria Cross recipients

23 October 1914 Drummer William Kenny Gordon Highlanders Ypres Belgium [41][42]
29 October 1914 Lieutenant James Brooke Gordon Highlanders Gheluvelt Belgium [41][43]
7 November 1914 Captain John Vallentin South Staffordshire Regiment Zillebeke Belgium [41][43]
19 December 1914 Private James MacKenzie Scots Guards Rouges Bancs France [41][43]
21 December 1914 Private Abraham Acton Border Regiment Rouges Bancs France [41][43]
21 December 1914 Private James Smith Border Regiment Rouges Bancs France [41][43]
12 March 1915 Captain Charles Foss Bedfordshire Regiment Neuve Chapelle France [41][44]
12 March 1915 Corporal William Anderson Green Howards Neuve Chapelle France [41][45]
12 March 1915 Private Edward Barber Grenadier Guards Neuve Chapelle France [41][46]
12 March 1915 Lance-Corporal Wilfred Fuller Grenadier Guards Neuve Chapelle France [41][46]
12 June 1915 Lance-Corporal William Angus Highland Light Infantry Givenchy France [b]
16 May 1915 Company Sergeant-Major Frederick Barter Royal Welsh Fusiliers Festubert France [41][47]
25 September 1915 Private Arthur Vickers Royal Warwickshire Regiment Hulloch France [41][48]
20 July 1916 Private Theodore Veale Devonshire Regiment High Wood France [41][49]

Orders of battle

Peninsular War

During this period, brigades were referred to by their commander's names. Due to changes in command, the brigade names fluctuated frequently.

7th Division (1811–1814)[50]

Division's first brigade:

Division's second brigade:

Portuguese brigade (attached):

Militia brigade (attached 1814, but arrived after the Peninsular War had drawn to a close)[c]

Second Boer War

7th Division (1899–1900)[52]

14th Brigade

15th Brigade

Divisional artillery, Royal Field Artillery

Divisional Cavalry

Royal Engineers

First World War

7th Division (1914–1918)[53]

20th Brigade

21st Brigade (until 19 December 1915)

22nd Brigade

91st Brigade (from 20 December 1915)

Divisional Mounted Troops

Divisional Artillery

Divisional Engineers, Royal Engineers

Pioneers

Divisional Machine Guns

Divisional Medical Services, Royal Army Medical Corps

Divisional Veterinary Services, Army Veterinary Corps

Divisional Services

Arab Revolt

7th Division (1938–1939)[54]

18th Infantry Brigade

19th Infantry Brigade

Divisional troops

See also

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ^ Montgomery's 8th Division launched a major operation that defeated the rebels on a military level.[20] On a political level, the British Government drew up the White Paper of 1939 conceding to the demands of the Arab Higher Committee: "Self-government—an Arab-controlled Palestine—would be implemented within 10 years and in the meantime Jewish immigration would cease after five years."[17]
  2. ^ The divisional history lists Angus as a private, whereas the Gazette states that he was a lance-corporal.[41][47]
  3. ^ The 1st battalion was largely drawn from the Royal Buckinghamshire Militia (King's Own), but also contained detachments from the Northampton, Wilshire, Worcester, and the 1st and 2nd Surrey Militias. The 2nd Battalion drew from the Royal West Middlesex Militia, and the third from the Royal Denbigh Rifles.[51]

Citations

  1. ^ Haythornthwaite 2016, The Divisional System.
  2. ^ a b c Reid 2004, p. 64.
  3. ^ "Battle of Orthez". British Battles. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  4. ^ "Latest Intelligence - The occupation of Bloemfontein". The Times. No. 36092. London. 17 March 1900. p. 7.
  5. ^ Becke (1934) pp. 81–7
  6. ^ a b c "The 7th Division". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  7. ^ Lomas D. (1999) First Ypres 1914: Graveyard of the Old Contemptibles, Campaign Book 58. Osprey Publishing Ltd., Oxford: ISBN 1-85532-573-X 96 pp.
  8. ^ Forbes, Helen Emily (1920). The saga of the Seventh division. J. Lane. p. 9.
  9. ^ Bar-On 2006, p. 21.
  10. ^ Bar-On 2006, p. 26.
  11. ^ Bar-On 2006, pp. 27–32.
  12. ^ a b Bar-On 2006, p. 35.
  13. ^ a b "The Army". The Times. No. 48141. 2 November 1938.
  14. ^ a b c d Joslen 2003, p. 51.
  15. ^ Jackson 1996, p. 31.
  16. ^ a b Bar-On 2006, pp. 35–36.
  17. ^ a b Marston 2010, p. 32.
  18. ^ Bar-On 2006, p. 36.
  19. ^ Sebag Montefiore 2011, p. 473.
  20. ^ Bar-On 2006, pp. 37–38.
  21. ^ Playfair et al. 2004, p. 97.
  22. ^ Playfair et al. 2004, p. 4.
  23. ^ Grehan & Mace 2015, p. 6.
  24. ^ McGuigan & Burnham 2017, p. 272.
  25. ^ a b Reid 2004, p. 65.
  26. ^ McGuigan & Burnham 2017, p. 48.
  27. ^ a b Reid 2004, p. 66.
  28. ^ McGuigan & Burnham 2017, p. 300.
  29. ^ Reid 2004, p. 66; Oman 1930, p. 513.
  30. ^ McGuigan & Burnham 2017, p. 64.
  31. ^ "No. 27146". The London Gazette. 22 December 1899. p. 8542.
  32. ^ Creswicke 1900b, p. 194; Creswicke 1901, p. 138.
  33. ^ "No. 27460". The London Gazette. 1 August 1902. p. 4969. and "No. 27913". The London Gazette. 15 May 1906. p. 3361.
  34. ^ "No. 27913". The London Gazette. 15 May 1906. p. 3361.
  35. ^ Lord & Watson 2003, p. 34.
  36. ^ "Hart's Annual Army List, Militia List, and Imperial Yeomanry List for 1907". London: John Murray. p. 99a. Retrieved 13 January 2021. and "Hart's Annual Army List, Militia List, and Imperial Yeomanry List for 1909". London: John Murray. p. 102. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  37. ^ Becke 1935, pp. 81, 86.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i Becke 1935, p. 81.
  39. ^ Becke 1935, p. 81; Lord & Watson 2003, p. 39.
  40. ^ "No. 34558". The London Gazette. 4 October 1938. p. 6197.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Atkinson 1927, p. 514.
  42. ^ "No. 29074". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 February 1915. p. 1699.
  43. ^ a b c d e "No. 29074". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 February 1915. p. 1700.
  44. ^ "No. 29272". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 August 1915. p. 8373.
  45. ^ "No. 29170". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 May 1915. p. 4989.
  46. ^ a b "No. 29135". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 April 1915. p. 3815.
  47. ^ a b "No. 29210". The London Gazette. 29 June 1915. p. 6269.
  48. ^ "No. 29371". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 November 1915. p. 11450.
  49. ^ "No. 29740". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 September 1916. p. 8871.
  50. ^ Reid 2004, pp. 64–66.
  51. ^ Holden 1887, pp. 143–146.
  52. ^ Creswicke 1900a, p. 38; Maurice 1906, pp. 437, 486; War in South Africa 1908, p. 531.
  53. ^ Becke 1935, pp. 83–85.
  54. ^ "War Office, Monthly Army List, March 1939". National Library of Scotland. p. 145.

References

Further reading

External sources

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