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((Use dmy dates|date=December 2019))
((Multiple issues|((more citations needed|date=December 2012))((Lead too short|date=September 2017))))
((Infobox military unit
|unit_name = 98th Flying Training Squadron
[[File:Air Education and Training Command.svg|center|60px]]
|image=F-35s, Air Force Academy Wings of Blue and Navy Leap Frogs kickoff Navy vs Air Force (2894383).jpeg
|image_size=300
|caption=Air Force Academy Wings of Blue and Navy Leap Frogs kickoff Navy vs Air Force
|dates= 1941–1948; 1948–1963; 1988–1992; 1994–present
|country= ((USA))
|branch= ((air force|USA))
|type= 
|role= [[Parachuting|Parachute Training]]
|size= 
|command_structure=[[Air Education and Training Command]]
|garrison=[[United States Air Force Academy]]
|nickname=Wings of Blue((citation needed|date=January 2024))
|motto= 
|colors= 
|march= 
|mascot= 
|battles= [[Southwest Pacific Theater]]<br/>[[Pacific Ocean Theater]]<ref name=98FTSfacts>((cite web |url= http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432675/98-flying-training-squadron-aetc/ |last1=Haulman|first1=Daniel|title=Factsheet 98 Flying Training Squadron (AETC)|date=27 March 2017|publisher=Air Force Historical Research Agency|access-date=5 September 2017))</ref>
|anniversaries= 
|decorations= [[Distinguished Unit Citation]]<br/>[[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation (Navy)]]<br/>[[Air Force Outstanding Unit Award]]<ref name=98FTSfacts/>
|battle_honours= 
|current_commander= 
|notable_commanders= 
<!-- Insignia -->
|identification_symbol=[[File:98th Flying Training Squadron.jpg|165px]] 
|identification_symbol_label=98th Flying Training Squadron emblem((efn|approved 14 March 1996.))
|identification_symbol_2=[[File:98 Bombardment Sq emblem.png|165px]]
|identification_symbol_2_label=98th Bombardment Squadron emblem((efn|Approved 20 September 1944.  Description: On a grayed medium blue disc, wide border red, a caricatured yellow orange aerial bomb with flesh color arms, face portraying impudence, with right thumb crossing red tongue, expressing pugnacious anticipation, while falling toward [[escutcheon (heraldry)|base]] and emitting speed lines to the rear.))<ref name=Maurer98BS>Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', p. 326</ref>
))

The '''98th Flying Training Squadron''' is a [[United States Air Force]] unit assigned to the [[306th Flying Training Group]].  It is stationed at the [[United States Air Force Academy]], Colorado, however its [[De Havilland Canada UV-18 Twin Otter]] aircraft are housed and maintained at nearby [[Peterson Air Force Base]], Colorado.

The mission of the 98th is to provide [[parachute]] training to cadets.  The basic program trains 1,200 students per year with the majority of positions given to USAF Academy cadets. [[Reserve Officer Training Corps]] cadets are assigned positions on an availability and timing basis.

==Overview==
In 1995, the '''98th Flying Training Squadron''' was reactivated as a [[parachute]] training [[squadron (aviation)|squadron]] at the [[United States Air Force Academy]] (USAFA). With [[Air Staff (United States)|Air Staff]] approval to teach military parachuting, the parachute branch under the Airmanship Division of the USAFA was born in the Spring of 1966. In 1982, parachuting became a flight under the [[94th Airmanship Training Squadron]]. In 1995, the parachute flight grew too large and was expanded into a squadron.  What started as a club training 25 students a year has grown into a program training 600 to 1,200 cadets annually and fielding competition and demonstration teams.((citation needed|date=January 2024))

The basic AM-490 program, which had used round parachutes since its conception, evolved with the use of modern piggy-back container systems and square parachutes for both the main and reserve. Each student is equipped with a radio so all landings can be assisted from the ground.((citation needed|date=January 2024))

==Training==
The "Wings of Blue" (sometimes known as PTWOBs, and stands for "Parachute Team – Wings of Blue"), is the [[parachuting]] unit at the USAFA, near [[Colorado Springs, Colorado]]. 

Over the last several decades, the Wings of Blue has been one of the outstanding parachute units in the United States. Since 1967, cadets have dominated national intercollegiate parachuting, winning 21 national championships.  They perform about 50 demonstrations each year, and have shown off their skills at the [[BCS National Championship]], [[Orange Bowl]], [[Copper Bowl]], [[Fiesta Bowl]], and [[Pro Bowl]] and most [[Air Force Falcons football]] games.<ref name="Airmanship 496">((Cite web|url=http://www.usafa.af.mil/tu/306ftg/98fts/AM-496-06.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406124401/http://www.usafa.af.mil/tu/306ftg/98fts/AM-496-06.cfm|url-status=dead|title=Airmanship 496 home page|archivedate=6 April 2009))</ref> The team travels locally, nationally, and internationally to perform in air shows and competitions. Their stated mission is to "[d]evelop airmen through flight in its purest form — Stand in the Door!"<ref name="Parachuting Fact Sheet">((cite web|url=http://www.usafa.af.mil/superintendent/pa/factsheets/parachute.htm|title=Factsheet: Parachuting|date=July 2004|publisher=United States Air Force Academy Public Affairs|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523091328/http://www.usafa.af.mil/superintendent/pa/factsheets/parachute.htm|archive-date=23 May 2009|access-date=5 September 2017))</ref>

===Training history===
Parachuting at the USAFA began in 1964 when a group of ambitious [[cadets]] took to the skies. The activity, at the time, was off-limits to cadets.  Knowing full well the consequences if caught participating, their involvement was nonetheless revealed through their own irrepressible success.  That spring, Cadet First Class (senior) Jay Kelley and Cadet Third Class (sophomore) Pete Johnston paired and won a novice team accuracy event—the Academy's first gold medal in collegiate competition.  Their achievements that day resulted in an invitational demonstration at the [[Pueblo Army Depot]], after which the commander at [[Fort Carson]] sent a very nice letter to the USAFA superintendent, thanking him for allowing the fine young men of his skydiving team to participate".((Citation needed|date=October 2008))  After a thorough investigation, the USAFA Commandant of Cadets, [[Brigadier General]] Robert W. Strong Jr. "had a dilemma on his hands.  After all, balancing against the weight of these young men's sin was the positive publicity they had brought upon themselves and the Academy.  However illegal their activities, they were on to something good".((Citation needed|date=October 2008))

Each year since then, more than 800 cadets, officers, and enlisted members, from both U.S. and foreign services, complete five [[free fall]] jumps and earn their [[Parachutist Badge (United States)|parachutist badge]] and rating.  The USAFA offers the only jump program in the world authorized to allow students to perform unassisted free fall delays on their first jump without any prior jump experience.<ref name="Go Ahead and JUMP!">((cite web|url= http://www.af.mil/news/airman/0499/jump2.htm |title=Go Ahead and JUMP!|date=April 1999|publisher=Airman Magazine|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050228051657/http://www.af.mil/news/airman/0499/jump2.htm |archive-date=28 February 2005|access-date=5 September 2017))</ref> Although parachutist wings are awarded, they are non-operational in any [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] unit; to be in an [[Airborne forces|airborne]] operational unit or functioned job, personnel must complete the [[United States Army Airborne School]] in [[Fort Benning]], Georgia.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.aetc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=8947 |title=Parachuting Courses" Airmanship 490 – Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Air Education and Training Command|access-date=15 November 2008|url-status=dead  |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090203102515/http://www.aetc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=8947 |archive-date=3 February 2009 ))</ref>

===Training programs===
====Airmanship 490====
Airmanship 490 (AM-490) is the basic free fall course instructed by members of the Wings of Blue. Students enrolled in the course undergo more than 30 hours of ground training prior to their first free fall jump. The ground training introduces and develops procedures and techniques for [[high altitude]] free fall, and for operating a steerable parachute system.  The course focuses on safety and emergency procedures to aid the students' ability to overcome their fears and perform under the extremely stressful and potentially life-threatening situations they may encounter.

Prior to each of the five jumps, students class receive two gear inspections prior to boarding the aircraft to ensure their parachutes are fitted and working properly.  These inspections guarantee that the parachute's main and reserve canopy firing devices are on and accurately calibrated.  Students also receive a briefing from the [[jumpmaster]] before loading the aircraft.  Once airborne, the jumpmaster determines the exit/opening point, which varies with the day's wind patterns, student's receive their third and final gear inspection as the plane turns inbound for the jump run.  At 5,000 feet [[above ground level]], the jumpmaster opens the door then instructs the first jumper to: "Stand in the door!"<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.usafa.af.mil/tu/306ftg/98fts/AM-490-06.cfm|title=Airmanship 490 (AM-490) Basic Parachuting|publisher=United States Air Force Academy Department of Astronautics|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711154341/http://www.usafa.af.mil/tu/306ftg/98fts/AM-490-06.cfm|archive-date=11 July 2009|access-date=5 September 2017))</ref>

====Airmanship 491====
Before the Fall semester begins, 25 cadets entering their second year at the Academy are selected from approximately 200 applicants for an upgrade program into the Wings of Blue, known informally as the "Wings of Green."  In their first semester in AM-491, cadets undergo accelerated freefall training and receive their USPA A license. In the Spring semester, students complete the training to become jumpmasters and instruct an AM-490 class under the supervision of senior cadets on the Wings of Blue.  After a year of training, the Wings of Green graduate onto the Wings of Blue and become AM-490 instructors and [[aircrew member]]s for the 98th Flying Training Squadron operations.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.usafa.af.mil/tu/306ftg/98fts/AM-491-06.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406124356/http://www.usafa.af.mil/tu/306ftg/98fts/AM-491-06.cfm|url-status=dead|title=Airmanship 491 homepage|archivedate=6 April 2009))</ref>

====Airmanship 496====
Airmanship 496 (AM-496) is composed of the junior and senior Wings of Blue members. This group is divided into the junior competition/demonstration team, and the senior competition/demonstration team.<ref name="Airmanship 496" />

Both the junior and senior competition teams are composed of approximately ten members: two four-way teams, and one two-member team performing vertical relative work, also known as freefly.  All 20 members compete in canopy accuracy as well.  In the aerial events, teams are given 35 to 40 seconds to complete a preplanned formation maneuvers after exiting the plane.  Jumpers exit with a videographer who records the jump for judging.  The competition team represents the Wings of Blue at numerous competitions across the country, including the National Skydiving Championships, National Collegiate Parachuting Championships, Black and Gold Competition (an all military competition), and numerous other free fall and accuracy meets throughout the year. The PTWOB competition team has been recognized as the leading collegiate team in the nation 29 of the last 39 years.((citation needed|date=January 2024))

The demonstration team is composed of the remaining team members in the AM-496 program.  This team represents the Wings of Blue around the nation at Air Force forums, air shows, [[American football|football games]], and various other sporting events, and at other civilian requests.  Their act is composed of relative work consisting of [[colored smoke]] jumping, and flag/streamer presentations.  The demo team is also well known for its appearance at major college football bowl games during the holiday season, as well as [[Monday Night Football]] games.((citation needed|date=January 2024))

==History==
===World War II===
On 1 February 1940, the [[11th Bombardment Group]] was activated at [[Hickam Field]], Hawaii, with four squadrons assigned or attached as the United States built up its forces in the Pacific<ref>Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 76-77, 193-194, 531-532</ref><ref name=Maurer11BG>Maurer, ''Combat Units'', pp. 53-55</ref><ref>Williams, pp. 172-173</ref>  However, in the fall of 1941, its [[14th Bombardment Squadron]] deployed to the Philippines.  In early December, the 14th was reassigned to the [[7th Bombardment Squadron]], which was programmed to reinforce the air garrison there.<ref>Matloff & Snell, p. 70</ref><ref>Maurer, ''Combat Units'', p. 5</ref><ref>Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 76-77</ref>  On 16 December 1941, shortly after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], the '''98th Bombardment Squadron''' was activated at Hickam to fill the gap left in the 11th Group left by the departure of the 14th Squadron.  The squadron flew [[Douglas B-18 Bolo]]s while equipping for combat with [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress]]es<ref name=98FTSfacts/>

The squadron flew patrol and search missions from the Hawaiian Islands, including air support during the [[Battle of Midway]].<ref name=Maurer11BG/><ref name=11BGhistory>((cite web |url= http://11thbombgroup.org/historyofthe11thbg.html |author=No byine|title=History of the 11th Bombardment Group in World War II|date=|publisher=11th Bombardment Group Association|access-date=January 9, 2024))</ref>  In June 1942, shortly after the [[Battle of Midway]], the 11th Group was authorized as a mobile force by the [[Army Air Forces]] in order to respond to a [[United States Navy|Navy]] request by [[Admiral Nimitz]] for long-range armed search planes to locate Japanese fleets, accompanied with firepower to withstand defending Japanese [[interceptor aircraft|interceptors]] while tracking the fleet.  The 11th Group left Hawaii to support Navy operations in the South Pacific Theater during the [[Guadalcanal Campaign|Guadalcanal]] and [[Solomon Islands campaign|Northern Solomon Islands Campaigns]].<ref name=11BGhistory/>

[[File:Typhoon McGoon II, New Caledonia, January 1943.jpg|thumb|Squadron B-17E Flying Fortress "Typhoon McGoon II" on Plaine Des Gaiacs Airfield, New Caledonia in January 1943((efn|Aircraft is Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress serial 41-9211, ''Typhoon McGoon II''. The crew was flying this aircraft on a reconnaissance patrol on 14 November 1942 when they spotted a large Japanese task force north-west of Guadalcanal. The crew claimed six Japanese kills of escort aircraft shot down on the mission.))]]
The squadron moved to the [[New Caledonia]] on 21 July 1942 and became part of [[Thirteenth Air Force]]. It bombed airfields, supply dumps, ships, docks, troop positions, and other objectives in the South Pacific from July to November 1942, and received a [[Distinguished Unit Citation]] for those operations. It continued operations in the South Pacific, attacking Japanese airfields, installations, and shipping until late March 1943.<ref name=98FTSfacts/><ref name=Maurer11BG/>

[[File:B-24 Liberators after attacking Iwo Jima 15 December 1944.jpg|thumb|11th Group B-24 Liberators after attacking Iwo Jima on 15 December 1944]]
The squadron returned to Hawaii and the control of [[Seventh Air Force]] on 8 April 1943. In Hawaii, the squadron equipped with [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]] bombers, which it flew until the end of the war.<ref name=Maurer11BG/>  Its training Included missions against [[Wake Island]] and other central Pacific bases held by the Japanese.<ref name=11BGhistory/> It deployed to the [[Gilbert Islands]] on 11 November 1943 and resumed combat participating in the Allied offensive through the Gilbert, [[Marshall Islands|Marshall]] and [[Marianas Islands]], while operating from Funafuti, Tarawa, and Kwajalein.<ref name=98FTSfacts/><ref name=Maurer11BG/>

"The [squadron] moved to [[Guam]] on 25 October 1944 and attacked shipping and airfields in the Volcano and Bonin Islands. It moved to [[Okinawa]] on 2 July 1945 to participate in the final phases of the air offensive against Japan, bombing railways, airfields, and harbor facilities on [[Kyushu]] and striking Japanese airfields in Eastern China."<ref name=Maurer11BG/>

===Postwar operations in the Pacific===
After [[V-J Day]], the squadron flew surveillance and reconnaissance missions over China and ferried former [[prisoners of war]] to the Philippines. In December 1945 the squadron moved without personnel or equipment to [[Fort William McKinley]], Philippines.  At the end of April 1946, it was designated as a very heavy bomber unit. The following month, it moved to [[Northwest Field (Guam)|Northwest Field]], Guam and began to re-equip with [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress]]es, but terminated all operations and training by October.  The squadron remained on Guam on paper until inactivating on 20 October 1948.<ref name=98FTSfacts/><ref name=Maurer11BG/>

===Strategic Air Command===
[[File:NNSA-NSO-970.jpg|thumb|11th Wing B-36 and crew at Carswell Air Force Base]]
The squadron was activated at [[Carswell Air Force Base]], Texas in December 1948 as a [[Convair B-36 Peacemaker]] strategic bombardment squadron.<ref name=98FTSfacts/>

In 1959, the squadron was reassigned to [[Strategic Air Command]] (SAC)'s [[4123d Strategic Wing]], and was re-equipped with [[Boeing B-52E Stratofortress]] intercontinental heavy bombers.  It moved to [[Clinton-Sherman Air Force Base]], Oklahoma in SAC's program to disperse its heavy bomber force.  The squadron conducted worldwide strategic bombardment training missions and provided nuclear deterrent.  it was inactivated in 1963 when SAC inactivated its strategic wings, replacing them with permanent Air Force controlled wings.  Its aircraft, personneland equipment were transferred to the [[6th Bombardment Squadron]], which was simultaneously activated.

===Pilot training===
The squadron was reactivated in 1988 as an undergraduate pilot training squadron at [[Williams Air Force Base]], Arizona, and equipped with the [[Cessna T-37 Tweet]].  It was inactivated in 1992 with the closure of Williams.

==Lineage==
* Constituted as the '''98th Bombardment Squadron''' (Heavy) on 2 December 1941
: Activated on 16 December 1941
: Redesignated '''98th Bombardment Squadron''', Heavy on 25 June 1943
: Redesignated '''98th Bombardment Squadron''', Very Heavy on 30 April 1946
: Inactivated on 20 October 1948
* Redesignated '''98th Bombardment Squadron''', Heavy and activated on 1 December 1948
: Discontinued and inactivated on 1 February 1963
* Redesignated '''98th Flying Training Squadron''' on 29 April 1988
: Activated on 1 June 1988
: Inactivated on 26 June 1992
* Reactivated on 31 October 1994<ref name=98FTSfacts/>

===Assignments===
* [[11th Bombardment Group]], 16 December 1941 – 20 October 1948
* 11th Bombardment Group, 1 December 1948 (attached to [[11th Bombardment Wing]] after 16 February 1951)
* 11th Bombardment Wing, 16 June 1952 
* 4123d Strategic Wing, 10 December 1957 – 1 February 1963
* [[82d Flying Training Wing]], 1 June 1988
* [[82d Operations Group]], 15 December 1991 – 26 June 1992
* 34th Operations Group, 31 October 1994 – 1 October 2004
* 306th Flying Training Group, 1 October 2004 – present<ref name=98FTSfacts/>

===Stations===
((Col-begin))
((Col-break|width=50%))
* Hickam Field, Hawaii, 16 December 1941
* [[Luganville Airfield]], [[Espiritu Santo]], New Hebrides, 11 August 1942 (operated from [[Plaine Des Gaiacs Airfield]], New Caledonia, 21 July-11 August 1942, [[Honiara International Airport|Henderson Field]], [[Guadalcanal]], November 1942)
* [[Mokuleia Airfield]], Hawaii, 8 April 1943
* [[Nukufetau Airfield]], [[Nukufetau]], Gilbert and Ellice Islands, 11 November 1943
* [[Hawkins Field (Tarawa)]], 20 January 1944
* [[Kwajalein Airfield]], Kwajalein, Marshall Islands, 3 April 1944
((Col-break|width=50%))
* [[Agana Airfield]], Guam, 21 October 1944
* [[Kadena Airfield]], Okinawa 2 July 1945
* Fort William McKinley, [[Luzon]], Philippines, December 1945
* Northwest Field (later [[Harmon Field]], Harmon Air Force Base), Guam, 15 May 1946 – 20 October 1948
* Carswell Air Force Base, Texas, 1 December 1948 (deployed to [[RAF Brize Norton]], England, 27 June–7 July 1952; [[Nouasseur Air Base]], French Morocco; 6–14 April, 30 June–29 July 1954, 2–9 May 1955, 15–27 February and October 1956)
* Clinton-Sherman Air Force Base, Oklahoma, 1 March 1959 – 1 February 1963
* Williams Air Force Base, Arizona, 1 June 1988 – 26 June 1992
* United States Air Force Academy, Colorado, 31 October 1994 – present<ref name=98FTSfacts/>
((Col-end))

===Aircraft===
((div col|colwidth=22em))
* Douglas B-18 Bolo, 1942
* Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1943
* Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 1943–1945
* Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1946.
* [[Convair B-36 Peacemaker]], 1949–1957
* [[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress]], 1958–1963
* [[Cessna T-37 Tweet]], 1988–1992
* DeHavilland Canada UV-18B Twin Otter, 1994–present<ref name=98FTSfacts/>
((div col end))

==See also==

* [[List of B-52 Units of the United States Air Force]]

==References==
===Notes===
; Explanatory notes
((notelist))

; Citations
((Reflist|30em))

===Bibliography===
((Air Force Historical Research Agency))
* ((cite book|editor1=Craven, Wesley F|editor2=Cate, James L|url=http://media.defense.gov/2010/Nov/05/2001329898/-1/-1/0/AFD-101105-005.pdf|access-date=December 17, 2016|title=The Army Air Forces in World War II|volume=I, Plans and Early Operations|year=1948|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, IL|oclc=704158|lccn=48003657))
:: ((cite book|last1=Williams|first1=E. Kathleen| editor1=Craven, Wesley F.|editor2=Cate, James L |url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Nov/05/2001329898/-1/-1/0/AFD-101105-005.pdf |access-date=December 17, 2016| title=The Army Air Forces in World War II|volume=I, Plans and Early Operations|year=1948|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, IL|oclc=704158|lccn=48003657|chapter=Prelude to War, Chapter 5 Deployment of the AAF on the Eve of Hostilities))
* ((cite book |last1=Matloff |first1=Maurice |last2=Snell |first2=Edwin M. |year=1953–1959 |title=The War Department: Strategic Planning For Coalition Warfare 1941-1942|url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/001/1-3/CMH_Pub_1-3.pdf |series=United States Army In World War II |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Center Of Military History, United States Army |lccn=53061477))
* ((cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Air Force Combat Units of World War II|orig-year= 1961|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf|access-date= 17 December 2016|edition=reprint|year=1983|publisher= Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-912799-02-1|lccn=61060979))
* ((cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II|orig-year=1969|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf |edition= reprint|access-date= 17 December 2016|year=1982|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-405-12194-6|oclc=72556|lccn=70605402))
* ((cite book|last=Ravenstein|first=Charles A.|title=Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977|url=https://archive.org/details/airforcecombatwi0000rave|access-date=17 December 2016|year=1984|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-912799-12-9|url-access=registration))

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716224230/http://www.aetc.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090825-020.pdf 98th FTS at AETC]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100916050324/http://www.aetc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=7259 98th FTS History Factsheet]

((USAFA))
((Strategic Air Command))

[[Category:United States Air Force Academy]]
[[Category:Parachuting in the United States]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Colorado]]
[[Category:Flying training squadrons of the United States Air Force|0098]]

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