9th Infantry Division
9th Infantry Division shoulder sleeve insignia
Active1918 – 1919
1940 – 1947
1947 – 1962
1966 – 1969
1972 – 1991
Country United States
Branch United States Army
TypeInfantry
SizeDivision
Nickname(s)Old Reliables
Varsity[1]
Engagements
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Manton Eddy
Jacob L. Devers
Donald Prentice Booth
Julian Ewell
John Shalikashvili
Insignia
Distinctive Unit Insignia
US Infantry Divisions
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8th Infantry Division 10th Mountain Division
(Light Infantry)

The 9th Infantry Division (nicknamed "Old Reliables") is an inactive infantry division of the United States Army. It was formed as the 9th Division during World War I, but never deployed overseas. In later years it was an important unit of the U.S. Army during World War II and the Vietnam War. It was also activated as a peacetime readiness unit from 1947 to 1962 at Fort Dix, New Jersey, and Fort Carson, Colorado, and from 1972 to 1991 as an active-duty infantry division at Fort Lewis, Washington. The division was inactivated in December 1991.

Insignia

The shoulder sleeve insignia is an octofoil resembling a heraldic design given to the ninth son of a family. This represents the son as a circle in the middle with eight brothers around him.[2] The blue represents the infantry, the red the artillery, with the white completing the colors of the flag of the United States of America.

World War I

The 9th Infantry Division was created on 18 July 1918 at Camp Sheridan, Alabama but did not serve overseas.[3]

Its units included Division Headquarters; the 17th Infantry Brigade (Headquarters and Headquarters Company; 45th Infantry Regiment; 67th Infantry Regiment; 26th Machine Gun Battalion); the 18th Infantry Brigade (Headquarters and Headquarters Company; 46th Infantry Regiment; 68th Infantry Regiment; 27th Machine Gun Battalion), the 9th Field Artillery Brigade ( 25th Field Artillery (75mm Gun); 26th Field Artillery (75mm Gun); 27th Field Artillery (155mm Howitzer); Ninth Trench Mortar Battery); 25th Machine Gun Battalion; 209th Engineer Regiment; 209th Field Signal Battalion; Division Trains (HQ Train and Military Police Company; 9th Sanitary Train; 9th Motor Supply Train, and Ninth Ammunition Train).

The division was commanded by Colonel Charles C. Clark (July 1918 - September 1918), Maj. Gen. Willard A. Holbrook (September 1918 - October 1918), Brig. Gen. James A. Ryan (October 1918 - November 1918) acting, Maj. Gen. Willard A. Holbrook (November 1918 - February 1919)

Interwar period

The 9th Division was demobilized at Camp Sheridan on 15 February 1919. The division was reconstituted 24 March 1923, allotted to the First Corps Area for mobilization responsibility, and assigned to the I Corps. Camp Devens, Massachusetts, was designated as the mobilization and training station for the division upon reactivation. The 18th Infantry Brigade and additional active and inactive elements were assigned to the division on 24 March 1923. The division’s inactive units were assigned to active associate units for mobilization purposes. During the period 1923–39, the 9th Division was represented in the active Army by the 18th Infantry Brigade and other assorted divisional elements that formed the base force from which the remainder of the division would be reactivated in the event of war. The division headquarters was organized on 28 July 1926 as an Regular Army Inactive (RAI) unit with Organized Reserve personnel at the Army Base, Boston, Massachusetts. The active associate concept was abandoned and many of the inactive elements were organized as RAI units by mid-1927 in the First and Second Corps Areas. The active elements of the division maintained habitual training relationships with divisional RAI units, as well as those of the I Corps, XI Corps, and the 76th, 94th, and 97th Divisions. The RAI and Reserve units often trained with the active elements of the division during summer training camps usually conducted at Camp Devens and Fort McKinley, Maine.

The 18th Infantry Brigade's 5th and 13th Infantry Regiments additionally supported the Reserve units’ conduct of the Citizens Military Training Camps also held at Camp Devens and Fort McKinley. When funds were available, the 18th Infantry Brigade and the division’s other active elements, which included the 9th Tank Company, 9th Ordnance Company, 9th Quartermaster Regiment, and 25th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|25th Field Artillery Regiment]], held maneuvers and command post exercises at Camp Devens, during which the division headquarters was occasionally formed in a provisional status. The division headquarters was also provisionally formed in 1939 for the First Army maneuvers in upstate New York. Under the new “triangular” tables of organization, the 9th Division was reactivated, less Reserve personnel, on 1 August 1940 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and assigned to the I Corps. The division participated in the Carolina Maneuvers from September–November 1941.[4]

Order of battle, 1939

One asterisk following the unit name indicates it was partially active and the headquarters location shown was the mobilization post. Two asterisks following the unit name indicates it was organized with Reserve personnel as an RAI unit. Three asterisks following the unit name indicates it was wholly inactive or not organized and the headquarters location shown was the mobilization post.

World War II

Combat chronicle

The 9th Infantry Division was among the first U.S. combat units to engage in offensive ground operations during World War II. (The others were the 32nd and the 41st in the Pacific on New Guinea, Carlson's Raiders on Makin Island, the 1st Marine, and the Americal on Guadalcanal, and, alongside the 9th in North Africa, were the 1st Infantry, 3rd Infantry, 34th Infantry and the 2nd Armored Divisions.) The 9th saw its first combat on 8 November 1942, when its elements landed at Algiers, Safi, and Port Lyautey, with the taking of Safi by the 3rd Battalion of the 47th Infantry Regiment standing as the first liberation of a city from Axis control in World War II.

With the collapse of French resistance on 11 November 1942, the division patrolled the Spanish Moroccan border. The 9th returned to Tunisia in February and engaged in small defensive actions and patrol activity. On 28 March 1943 it launched an attack in southern Tunisia and fought its way north into Bizerte, 7 May. In August, the 9th landed at Palermo, Sicily, and took part in the capture of Randazzo and Messina.

Sent to England for further training, the division landed on Utah Beach on 10 June 1944 (D-day plus 4), cut off the Cotentin Peninsula, drove on to Cherbourg Harbour and penetrated the port's heavy defenses.

GIs of C Company, 36th Armored Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division at Geich [de], Germany, 11 December 1944.

Following a brief rest in July, the division took part in the St. Lo break-through and in August helped close the Falaise Gap. Turning east, the 9th crossed the Marne, 28 August, swept through Saarlautern,[5] and in November and December held defensive positions from Monschau to Losheim.

Moving north to Bergrath, Germany, it launched an attack toward the Roer river, 10 December, taking Echtz and Schlich. From mid-December through January 1945, the division held defensive positions from Kalterherberg to Elsenborn. On 30 January the division jumped off from Monschau in a drive across the Roer and to the Rhine, crossing at Remagen, 7 March.

After breaking out of the Remagen bridgehead, the 9th assisted in the sealing and clearing of the Ruhr Pocket, then moved 150 miles (240 km) east to Nordhausen, where it assisted in the liberation of the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp, and attacked in the Harz Mountains, 14–20 April. On 21 April the Division relieved the 3d Armored Division along the Mulde River, near Dessau, and held that line until VE-day.

After the war, the Division moved south to Ingolstadt. The Division assumed control of the Dachau Concentration Camp in early July.

Mediterranean theater of operations

European theater of operations

Order of battle

Statistics

Chronology
Casualties
Campaigns
Individual awards
  1. Medal of Honor: 4
  2. Distinguished Service Cross: 86
  3. Legion of Merit: 6
  4. Silver Star: 1,789
  5. Soldier's Medal: 55
  6. Bronze Star: 5,518
  7. Distinguished Flying Cross: 1
  8. Air Medal: 124
Unit awards

Presidential Unit Citations:[8]

Prisoners of war taken

Post-World War II

The 9th Infantry Division was reactivated on 15 July 1947 at Fort Dix, New Jersey and assumed a peacetime readiness and training role. In the 1950s, the division was stationed in West Germany. It later relocated to Fort Carson, Colorado where it was inactivated on 31 January 1962.

Commanding generals

Vietnam War

The 9th Division was reactivated on 1 February 1966, and arrived in South Vietnam on 16 December 1966 from Fort Riley, Kansas. On deployment the division was assigned to the III Corps Tactical Zone of Vietnam where it commenced operations in Dinh Tuong and Long An Provinces (6 January-31 May 1967) in Operation Palm Beach. Its area of operations was in the rivers and canals of the Mekong Delta from 1967 to 1972. Operating deep within the Viet Cong (VC)–controlled Delta, the Division was charged with protecting the area and its population against VC insurgents and ensuring the success of the South Vietnamese government's pacification program. Faced with unrelenting physical hardships, a tenacious enemy and the region's rugged terrain, the Division established strategies and quantifiable goals for completing their mission.[9]

Division headquarters, Dong Tam Base Camp, July 1968

Division commanding generals were: Maj. Gen. George S. Eckhardt (February 1966 - June 1967), Maj. Gen. George G. O'Connor (June 1967 - February 1968), Maj. Gen. Julian Ewell (February 1968 - April 1969), Maj. Gen. Harris W. Hollis (April 1969 - August 1969)

The infantry units that served with the 9th Infantry Division were:

Fire Support Base Danger, HHC, 4th Battalion, 39th Infantry, Dinh Tuong Province, March 1969

Other units included:

One of the experimental units serving with the division was the 39th Cavalry Platoon (Air Cushion Vehicle) which used three of the specially designed hovercraft to patrol marshy terrain like the Plain of Reeds along the south Vietnamese/Cambodian border.[10] Other experimental units were the 1st and 2nd Airboat Platoons, which operated Hurricane Aircat airboats.[11][12]

Mỹ Tho, Vietnam. A Viet Cong base camp being burned down.

From 1967 on, the 2d Brigade of the division was the Army contingent of the Mobile Riverine Force (MRF). This brigade lived on the ships of Navy Task Force 117, and were transported on their infantry missions throughout the Mekong Delta on Tango boats (converted landing craft) supported by various other armored boats. The MRF was often anchored near the South Vietnamese city of Mỹ Tho, or near the Division's Đồng Tâm Base Camp and they conducted operations in coordination with the Navy SEAL teams, the South Vietnamese Marines, units of the ARVN 7th Division and River Assault Groups. Following the Tet offensive in 1968, General Westmoreland stated that the Division and the MRF saved the Delta region from falling to the People's Army of Vietnam forces. In 1969, the division also operated throughout IV Corps.[13][14]

Chuck Hagel, later Secretary of Defense, served in the 9th ID from 1967 to 1968 as a sergeant (E-5), serving as an infantry squad leader.[15] Hagel served in the same infantry squad as his younger brother Tom; they are believed to be the only American siblings to serve together during the Vietnam War.[16]

In the 1994 film Forrest Gump, the eponymous main character was a member in Vietnam of 4th Platoon, Company A, 2nd Battalion, 47th Infantry of the 9th Infantry Division.[17]

The Division's major units departed from South Vietnam on 27 August 1969 (HHC & 1st Brigade) to Hawaii; 27 August 1969 (2nd Brigade) to Fort Lewis, Washington; 12 October 1970 (3rd Brigade) to Fort Lewis.

Post-Vietnam

9th Infantry Division

Following the Vietnam War the division was stationed at Fort Lewis. The formal activation ceremony was held on 26 May 1972. Initially the division was organized under the army's Reorganization Objective Army Division system.

Parts of the division between 1972 - 1983 were organized as follows:

9th Infantry Division (Motorized)

U.S. Navy SEALs operate Desert Patrol Vehicles (DPV), the successor to the Fast Attack Vehicle pioneered by the 9th ID (Motorized).

From 1983 the division served as the High-Technology Test-Bed (HTTB) for the army. This led the division to develop the concept of "motorized infantry" from 1983. The motorized infantry division was to be equipped with enhanced technology to give it deployability and fire power and fill the gap between light and heavy divisions. The idea was to create a lighter version of the armored and mechanized divisions, which could be deployed easily by aircraft, while providing more firepower than a light infantry division.[30]

Initially the vision was to create three motorized brigades with three new types of infantry battalion:[31][32]

The light attack battalions utilized the Fast Attack Vehicles (FAV - later re-designated the Desert Patrol Vehicle), essentially a Volkswagen-engined dune buggy with either a 40mm Mk 19 grenade launcher or .50 caliber M2 Browning machine gun. The FAV was designed to provide highly mobile firepower that could attack the flanks of heavier mechanized units. Some variants also mounted TOW missiles. All of these weapons systems were attached to the FAV by a mount designed to break away if the vehicle rolled over, which they were prone to do. The FAVs were problematic at best and were eventually replaced by various versions of the Humvee/HMMWV light truck.[33][31][32]

The combined arms battalions were organized as a mix of assault gun companies and light motorized infantry companies, with the heavy battalions fielding two assault gun companies and one light motorized infantry company, while the ratio was reversed in the light battalions. The assault gun companies were to be equipped with the Armored Gun System (AGS), but because of delays in the AGS program they were initially equipped with M901 ITVs Improved Tow Vehicles, then M551 Sheridan light tanks and later with Humvees with TOW missiles or Mk 19 grenade launchers. Light motorized infantry companies were equipped with Humvees mounting a Mk 19 grenade launcher. Each combined arms battalion also fielded a combat support company equipped with mortars, scouts, and an anti-armor platoon slated to be equipped with Humvees mounting a ground version of the Hellfire missile. As this Hellfire version never entered service, the platoons were later also equipped with Humvees with TOW missiles.[30][31][32]

The division's first and third brigade were to field one of each of the three new battalions, while the second brigade would field three combined arms battalions heavy. The third brigade was to field one light and one heavy combined arms battalion and the 9th Cavalry Brigade two attack helicopter battalions, one combat support aviation battalion, and one cavalry reconnaissance squadron. The division artillery would consist of three battalions equipped with M198 155mm towed howitzers, one light artillery rocket battalion with M102 105mm towed howitzers and M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems, and one target acquisition battery. The division support command would field three forward support, one cavalry support and one main support battalion. However, because of the delay of the Armored Gun System the division did only activate four of the envisioned five combined arms battalions heavy and retained the 2nd Battalion, 77th Armor instead.

Parts of the division were organized at the end of the 1980s as follows:

In case of war with Warsaw Pact forces the division would have reinforced the Allied Forces Baltic Approaches Command defending Denmark. By 1984 the 9th Cavalry Brigade (Air Attack) was testing motorcycles for reconnaissance work in its reconnaissance squadron, the 3rd Squadron, 5th Cavalry Regiment.[34] And the 9th Infantry Division (MTZ) tested motorized infantry doctrine at the Yakima Firing Center in Eastern Washington, at the National Training Center at Fort Irwin California and in Korea during the annual Team Spirit exercise. While the motorized units performed well, they were vulnerable to heavier mechanized forces, particularly if forced to stand and fight. They were also extremely vulnerable to indirect artillery fire.[citation needed]

On 1 April 1984, Echo Company of the 15th Engineer Battalion reorganized to form the 73rd Engineer Company (Assault Ribbon Bridge), which was assigned to I Corps, which in turn attached it as separate company to the 15th Engineer Battalion. With the switch from Combat Arms Regimental System to the United States Army Regimental System the division saw a few of its units reflagged or inactivated:

During fiscal year 1987 the army decided to inactivate the division's 2nd brigade, which would be replaced by the 81st Infantry Brigade (Mechanized) of the Washington Army National Guard. The 2nd brigade was inactivated on 15 August 1988 along with the following units:

On the same date the 1st Battalion, 33rd Armor, which until then had been attached to the division, was assigned to the division.[citation needed] With the inactivation of the 2nd brigade the remaining units were reassigned among the remaining brigades: 1st brigade now consisted of 2nd Combined Arms Battalion Heavy, 2nd Infantry, 1st Battalion, 33rd Armor, and 4th Combined Arms Battalion Light, 23rd Infantry. 3rd brigade consisted of 2nd Light Attack Battalion, 1st Infantry, 3rd Combined Arms Battalion Light, 47th Infantry, and 2nd Combined Arms Battalion Heavy, 60th Infantry. The 2nd Combined Arms Battalion Heavy, 23rd Infantry was assigned to the 9th Cavalry Brigade.[30]

Organization in 1988

McGrath writes that the 9th Infantry Division was organized as follows in 1988:[42]

In fiscal year 1989 Chief of Staff of the United States Army General Carl E. Vuono approved the conversion of the division's two combined arms battalions light to standard mechanized infantry battalions.[47]

Inactivation

The division was the first to undergo full inactivation following the end of the Cold War. Army leadership at first decided that inactivating units would turn in all of their equipment at "10/20" standard, i.e. in ready and reusable condition. The division struggled to meet this standard, which required both extensive work by the division's soldiers and high costs for repair parts. While the remaining 9th ID soldiers were ultimately successful, later inactivating units were not required to attain this goal.[citation needed]

The inactivation of the division began on 28 September 1990 with the inactivation of the 1st Brigade, 2nd Battalion, 23rd Infantry,[48] and 4th Battalion, 23rd Infantry.[49] The 1st Battalion, 84th Field Artillery inactivated on 15 January 1991. As inactivation proceeded, elements and individual soldiers from the division were detached and deployed for service in the Gulf War.[citation needed]

On 16 February 1991 the 3rd Brigade was reflagged as 199th Infantry Brigade (Motorized)[50] with the following units:

The remainder of the division's units inactivated on the following dates:

With the support and aviation units also inactivating. The divisional headquarters remained active until 15 December 1991.[55] The 3rd Battalion, 11th Field Artillery became a General Support battalion of I Corps Artillery.[56]

The division was identified as the second-highest priority inactive division in the United States Army Center of Military History's lineage scheme due to its numerous accolades and long history. All of the division's flags and heraldic items were moved to the National Infantry Museum at Fort Benning, Georgia following its inactivation.[57] Should the U.S. Army decide to activate more divisions in the future, the center stated its activation recommendations would be the 9th Infantry Division, then the 24th Infantry Division, the 5th Infantry Division, and the 2nd Armored Division.[58] The 7th Infantry Division, previously inactivated, resumed service as an administrative headquarters at Joint Base Lewis–McChord in 2012.

See also

References

  1. ^ J. E. Kaufmann; H. W. Kaufmann (22 September 2009). The American GI in Europe in World War II: The March to D-Day. Stackpole Books. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-8117-4373-0.
    Picken, Jack L. (1991). Summary Histories: World War II Regular Army Infantry and Cavalry Divisions. St. Augustine, Florida: Florida Department of Military Affairs. p. 55. OCLC 6706906.
  2. ^ "9th Infantry Division categories". 9thinfdivsociety.org. 15 July 1947. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  3. ^ p.10 Sperry, John 9th Infantry Division: Old Reliables Turner Publishing Company, 15 March 2000
  4. ^ Clay 2010a, p. 217-218.
  5. ^ Video: American Sub Rescues Airmen (1944). Universal Newsreel. 1944. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  6. ^ "Hitler's Nemesis: The 9th Infantry Division – WWII G.I. Stories Booklet". Lone Sentry. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d e Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II, Final Report (Statistical and Accounting Branch Office of the Adjutant General, 1 June 1953)
  8. ^ Unit Citation and Campaign Participation Credit Register. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. 1961.
  9. ^ Hunt Jr, Ira "The 9th Infantry Division In Vietnam" 2010. Retrieved on 18 July 2016.
  10. ^ Stanton, Shelby L. (2003). Vietnam Order of Battle. Stackpole Books. pp. 134, 331.
  11. ^ Fowler, Carol; Bilby, Joseph (14 June 2001). "James P. Wollner Veteran Oral History". Militia Museum of New Jersey. New Jersey. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  12. ^ McIlhaney, Bruce (17 May 2006). "From the S&S archives: Airboats in Vietnam, 1968". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  13. ^ Sherwood, John Darrell (31 January 2018). "Defending the Mekong Delta: Tet and the Legacy of the Brown-Water Navy". War on the Rocks. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  14. ^ William B. Fulton (15 August 2014). Vietnam Studies - Riverine Operations 1966-1969 (Illustrated ed.). Normanby Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-78289-364-6.
  15. ^ Experiencing War, Stories from the Veterans History Project, Charles Timothy Hagel, Library of Congress, accessed 12 December 2012.
  16. ^ "The private war of Chuck and Tom Hagel" by Myra MacPherson, Salon, 30 April 2007.
  17. ^ "Forrest Gump (1994)". Retrieved 6 April 2018 – via www.imdb.com.
  18. ^ a b c d Woods Jr., Alexander (June 1983). "9th CBAA - The Combat Ready Maneuver Brigade". US Army Aviation Digest. No. 6.
  19. ^ a b c d Dzwonchyk, Wayne M. "Aviation" (PDF). US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  20. ^ a b c "1st Battalion 214th Aviation Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k McKenney, Janice E. "Field Artillery - Army Lineage Series - Part 1" (PDF). US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  22. ^ a b c "2nd Battalion, 4th Field Artillery - Lineage and Honors". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  23. ^ a b "1st Battalion, 84th Field Artillery - Lineage and Honors". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  24. ^ a b c McKenney, Janice E. "Field Artillery - Army Lineage Series - Part 2" (PDF). US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  25. ^ a b c McKenney, Janice E. "Air Defense Artillery" (PDF). US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  26. ^ a b Robbins Raines, Rebecca. "Signal Corps" (PDF). US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  27. ^ a b c "15th Engineer Battalion - Lineage and Honors". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  28. ^ a b "109th Military Intelligence Battalion - Lineage and Honors". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  29. ^ a b c "9th Chemical Company - Lineage and Honors". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  30. ^ a b c McGrath, John J. (2004). The Brigade: A History, Its Organization and Employment in the US Army (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  31. ^ a b c Romjue, John L. "The Army of Excellence" (PDF). US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  32. ^ a b c "Fort Lewis and Yakima Firing Center: Environmental Impact Statement". US Army Corps of Engineers. 1983. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  33. ^ Trevithick, Joe (22 August 2016). "The U.S. Army had a whole battalion of armed dune buggies". War is Boring. Retrieved 23 August 2016 – via We are The Mighty.com.
  34. ^ Marr and Kingsley, New Roles for Combat Motorcycles, Armor Magazine, September–October 1984, 33-36.
  35. ^ "3rd Battalion, 5th Cavalry (Black Knights)" (PDF). Department of the Army. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  36. ^ a b "9th Cavalry Regiment - Lineage/DateLine".
  37. ^ a b "1st Squadron, 33rd Cavalry Regiment Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  38. ^ a b "1st Battalion, 44th Air Defense Artillery - Lineage and Honors". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  39. ^ "Army Logistician January-February 1988". US Army. 1988. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  40. ^ "2nd Battalion, 47th Infantry - Lineage and Honors". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  41. ^ "3rd Battalion, 60th Infantry - Lineage and Honors". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  42. ^ McGrath, 'The Brigade,' p.84.
  43. ^ Watkins, Stuart H. (1989). "Military Review July 1989 - Air Maneuver on the modern battlefield". Professional Journal of the United States Army. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  44. ^ "Motorized Experience of the 9th Infantry Division" (PDF). Department of the Army. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  45. ^ a b Perceval, Major Robert (1985). "Military Intelligence, Volume 11, Issue 2 - 9th Infantry Division (Motorized)". Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  46. ^ "Field Artillery - February 1990". US Army Field Artillery School. 1990. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  47. ^ "Department of the Army Historical Summary". US Army Center of Military History. 1989. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  48. ^ "2nd Battalion, 23rd Infantry - Lineage and Honors". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  49. ^ "4th Battalion, 23rd Infantry - Lineage and Honors". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  50. ^ Dinackus 2000, page 11-3
  51. ^ "2nd Battalion, 1st Infantry - Lineage and Honors". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  52. ^ "3rd Battalion, 47th Infantry - Lineage and Honors". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  53. ^ "2nd Battalion, 60th Infantry - Lineage and Honors". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  54. ^ "2nd Battalion, 2nd Infantry - Lineage and Honors". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  55. ^ Dinackus 2000, page 11-3.
  56. ^ "Field Artillery - February 1990". US Army Field Artillery School. 1990. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  57. ^ McKenney 1997, p. 21.
  58. ^ McKenney 1997, p. 22.

Bibliography

Further reading

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