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((short description|Early video display terminal))
((infobox information appliance
| image        = [[File:adm3aimage.jpg|frameless]]
| caption      = Terminal with keypad
| type         = [[Computer terminal]]
| releasedate  = ((Start date|1976))
| manufacturer = Lear Siegler
| price        = ((USD|995|1976|round=-2))
))

The '''ADM-3A''' was an influential early [[video display terminal]], introduced in 1976.<ref name= "adm-3a-announcement">((cite news|title=Lear Siegler Updates ADM-1, Gives ADM-3 Full Cursor Ability|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGJK0ayV3S8C&pg=PT16|periodical=[[Computerworld]]|volume=10|issue=27|page=17|issn=0010-4841|date=July 5, 1976|access-date=September 10, 2019))</ref> It was manufactured by [[Lear Siegler]] and had a 12-inch screen displaying 12 or 24 lines of 80 characters.  It set a new industry low single unit price of $995.((efn|About $((inflation|US|995|1976|r=-3|fmt=c)) today)) Its "[[dumb terminal]]" nickname came from some of the original trade publication advertisements.<ref name="adm3-intro-ad"/> It quickly became commercially successful because of the rapid increase of computer communications speeds, and because of new [[minicomputer]] and [[microcomputer]] systems released to the market which required inexpensive operator consoles.

== History ==
((more citations needed section|date=July 2016))
Lear Siegler, Inc. (LSI) manufactured its first [[video display terminal]] in 1972 – the 7700A.

In 1973, LSI hired a new head of engineering, Jim Placak. He and his team created the ADM-1 later that year. It set a new pricing low in the industry at $1,500.((efn|About $((inflation|US|1500|1973|r=-3|fmt=c)) today)) Its lower cost was primarily due to a unique single printed circuit board design. In early 1973 the LSI division in Anaheim, California that manufactured these and other products hired a management team for this product line – a VP, national sales manager, and one regional sales manager – for the western region. The ADM-1 was followed by the ADM-2 in early '74. It had expanded functionality and a detached keyboard.

The initials "ADM" were referred to as meaning "American Dream Machine" in some advertising.<ref>((cite news |title= Lear Siegler advertisement|periodical=Computerworld|date=May 21, 1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAUpSdv4AO4C&pg=PA113|access-date=June 4, 2022))</ref>

==ADM-3==
The ADM-3 followed and the first manufactured units were introduced at [[Joint Computer Conference|1975 National Computer Conference]] in Anaheim, Calif., May 19–22, 1975, in booth 2348 at a price of $995.<ref name="Parading">((cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdkopCC9Q0QC&pg=PA57|title=Compact ADM-3 Parading|periodical=Computerworld|volume=9|issue=20|page=57|issn=0010-4841|date=May 14, 1975))</ref><ref name="adm3-intro-ad">((cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jT2fQqJplN8C&pg=PT3|title=Introducing The $995 Dumb Terminal|periodical=Computerworld|volume=9|issue=31|page=S/3|issn=0010-4841|date=July 30, 1975))</ref> Its innovative [[wave soldering|wave soldered]] single board design, which included the keyboard and all connectors, was packaged in an original clam shell enclosure.

Within weeks of the launch of the ADM-3, Cagan((clarify|reason=Who or what is Cagan|date=March 2024)) started to book very large orders. Its 'Dumb Terminal' nickname came from some of the original trade publication ads, and quickly caught on industry wide.<ref name="adm3-intro-ad"/> Due to two emerging trends, the device immediately became the best selling in the industry. Computer communications speeds were rapidly increasing, and a wave of general purpose and dedicated single application [[minicomputer]] systems were hitting the market from dozens of manufacturers. These required inexpensive operator consoles that could match the speeds. With no fast low cost printers available, the ADM-3 (painted in a variety of custom colors for the [[OEM]]s) became the de facto standard. By December 20, 1976, the widely used [[Teletype Model 33|Teletype Model 33 KSR]] electromechanical printing terminal, which could only print ten characters per second, sold for $895 or $32/month, while the ADM-3, which could display up to 1,920 characters per second, went for $995 or $36/month.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zab9x-fFopsC&q=adm-3+33-ksr&pg=PA15|title=ComData advertisement|periodical=Computerworld|volume=10|issue=51|page=15|issn=0010-4841|date=December 20, 1976))</ref>

==ADM-3 options==
The original ADM-3 terminal displayed only capital letters.<ref name=ADM-3(mm)>((cite web|url=http://manx-docs.org/mirror/vt100.net/lsi/adm3-mm.pdf|title=ADM-3 Maintenance Manual|access-date=2017-06-23|archive-date=2018-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225219/http://manx-docs.org/mirror/vt100.net/lsi/adm3-mm.pdf|url-status=live))</ref> In 1976, an option was added to allow it to display both lower and upper case.<ref name=ADM-3(mm)/><ref>((cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKiv04PgC-kC&pg=PT18|title=Lower Case Feature Available for ADM-3|periodical=Computerworld|volume=10|issue=13|page=27|issn=0010-4841|date=March 29, 1976))</ref> The standard version of the terminal displayed only twelve (rather than twenty-four) rows of eighty characters.<ref name="adm3-intro-ad"/><ref name=ADM-3(mm)/> In those days RAM was expensive, and halving the display size halved the RAM requirement<ref>((cite web|url=http://juliepalooza.8m.com/sl/adm3a-2.htm|title=ADM-3A Lower Case Option "Clone"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019053856/http://juliepalooza.8m.com/sl/adm3a-2.htm|archive-date=October 19, 2016))</ref> (and likewise all uppercase required only six bits per character to be stored rather than seven). Further optional add-ons included a [[Video card|graphics card]] enabling it to emulate a [[Tektronix 4010]]<ref>((cite web |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalEngineering/RG-512_Users_Man_1980.pdf |title=User's Manual RG-512 Retro-Graphics Card for the ADM-3A Computer Terminal |publisher=Digital Engineering, Inc. |date=1980 |access-date=2022-03-23 |archive-date=2022-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420214904/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalEngineering/RG-512_Users_Man_1980.pdf |url-status=live ))</ref> and an extension port which would allow daisy chaining  several ADM-3As on a single [[RS-232]] line.<ref name="adm3-intro-ad"/>

==ADM-3A==
In 1976, the ADM-3A was introduced.<ref name="adm-3a-announcement"/>  The ADM-3A added support for control codes to move the cursor around on the screen, and directly position the cursor at any point in the display. It did not, however, support “clear to end of line” or “clear to end of screen”, or other more advanced codes that appeared in later terminals, such as the [[VT52]] and [[VT100]].

The ADM-3A's overall setup was controlled by 20<ref name=ADM-3(mm)/><ref name="maint"/> [[DIP switch]]es under the nameplate at the front of the machine, beside the keyboard, including setting speed from 75 to 19,200 baud. The advanced configuration options allowed split speed connection, sending at one rate, and receiving at another.

== Hardware ==
[[File:KB Terminal ADM3A.svg|thumb|450px|right|ADM-3A keyboard layout]]

The 5×7 dot matrix characters were displayed in amber, green, or white [[phosphor]] on black (the cursor was 7×9). The keyboard had 59 keys.  The 12-inch [[Monochrome monitor|monochrome]] [[Cathode ray tube|CRT]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://juliepalooza.8m.com/sl/adm3crt.htm|title=ADM-3A CRT Replacement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020150845/http://juliepalooza.8m.com/sl/adm3crt.htm|archive-date=October 20, 2016))</ref> was mounted in the top half of the case, which was hinged in the back and opened like a clamshell. The CRT was typically made by [[Ball Brothers]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://quelab.net/6391/old-tech-adm-3a-serial-terminal/|title=Old tech: ADM-3A serial terminal, FreeBSD, and some fun. – Quelab|website=quelab.net|access-date=2019-01-08|archive-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108100934/https://quelab.net/6391/old-tech-adm-3a-serial-terminal/|url-status=live))</ref>((Better source needed|date=January 2019))

Unlike later terminals, such as the [[VT100]], the ADM-3A did not use a microprocessor in its implementation, but instead used [[Transistor-transistor logic|TTL]].<ref name="maint">((cite web|url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/learSiegler/ADM_3/ADM3A_Maint.pdf|title=ADM-3A Maintenance Manual|access-date=2017-06-24|archive-date=2019-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126032111/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/learSiegler/ADM_3/ADM3A_Maint.pdf|url-status=live))</ref> It did, however, use RAM chips, rather than the [[Shift register#Shift register memory|Circulating Memory]] used by earlier terminals, such as the [[Datapoint 3300]].

== Legacy ==
The use of the [[HJKL keys]] for moving the cursor in the [[Vi (text editor)|vi]] editor and its descendants originated from the ADM-3A, [[University of California, Berkeley]]'s [[Teletype Model 33]] replacement, just prior to the [[Vi (text editor)|vi]] editor's creation;<ref>((cite book |last1=McKusick |first1=Marshall Kirk |editor1-last=DiBona |editor1-first=Chris |editor2-last=Ockman |editor2-first=Sam |title=Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution |date=January 1999 |publisher=O'Reilly and Associates, Inc |location=Sebastopol (CA) |isbn=1-56592-582-3 |url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/open-sources/1565925823/ch04.html |accessdate=23 September 2020 |language=en |chapter=Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix: From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable |quote=Working from an editor named em that they had obtained from Professor George Coulouris at Queen Mary’s College in London, they worked to produce the line-at-a-time editor ex....With the arrival of some ADM-3a terminals offering screen-addressable cursors, Joy was finally able to write vi, bringing screen-based editing to Berkeley. |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928111024/https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/open-sources/1565925823/ch04.html |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((cite magazine|url=http://ftp.fibranet.cat/UnixArchive/Documentation/Unix_Review/Berkeley_Unix_History.pdf|title=A Berkeley Odyssey|first=Marshall Kirk|last=McKusick|magazine=Unix Review|date=January 1985|access-date=2020-09-23|archive-date=2021-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704224813/http://ftp.fibranet.cat/UnixArchive/Documentation/Unix_Review/Berkeley_Unix_History.pdf|url-status=live))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://episodiccontentmag.com/2016/06/03/rogue_chapter1/|title=Procedural Dungeons of Doom: The Making of Rogue – Chapter 1|date=3 June 2016|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029161617/https://episodiccontentmag.com/2016/06/03/rogue_chapter1/|url-status=live))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=Berkeley UNIX and the Birth of Open-Source Software |url=http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/labnotes/history_unix.html |website=Lab Notes: Research from the Berkeley College of Engineering |publisher=UC Regents |accessdate=23 September 2020 |date=11 November 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011111132436/http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/labnotes/history_unix.html |archive-date=2001-11-11 |quote=In 1969, UC Berkeley electrical engineering graduate Kenneth Thompson and his Bell Laboratories colleague Dennis Ritchie wanted to play a computer game called "Space Travel" on a dusty old mainframe computer. To do it, the two were forced to write a new operating system for the machines.))</ref><ref>((cite web |last1=Craddock |first1=David L. |title=The Making of Rogue – Chapter 1 |url=https://episodiccontentmag.com/2016/06/03/rogue_chapter1/ |website=Procedural Dungeons of Doom |accessdate=23 September 2020 |language=en |date=3 June 2016 |quote=By the time Toy and Wichman started at UC Santa Cruz, BSD UNIX had entered widespread usage across UC campuses and was branching out to other schools. Each new version of BSD, released on cassette tape, included handy programs written by Joy and other hackers. One program was curses, written by Ken Arnold. Arnold had written curses according to the UNIX creed: a simple tool fashioned for a specific purpose. Wielding curses like a paintbrush, users could place text such as letters, numbers, and symbols at any location on the screen. |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029161617/https://episodiccontentmag.com/2016/06/03/rogue_chapter1/ |url-status=live ))</ref> the cursor-movement arrows were printed on those four keys.<ref>((cite web|url=https://vt100.net/lsi/adm3a-om.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220182253/https://vt100.net/lsi/adm3a-om.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2022 |url-status=live |title=ADM-3A Operators Manual |pages=3–6))</ref>((discuss|key labels for arrow keys))  The [[Home key]] and [[tilde]] label printed on the ((Key press|^)) key may have additionally led to the establishment of the ''tilde'' character ("~") as the representation of the [[Tilde#Directories and URLs|home directory]] in many Unix shells.((discuss|coincidence of home vs tilde)) The [[caret]] character is also commonly used to represent the beginning of line or "home" position in [[regular expression]] dialects.

The ((key press|Left)), ((key press|Down)), ((key press|Up)), ((key press|Right)) and ((keypress|Home)) labels printed on the ((keypress|H)), ((keypress|J)), ((keypress|K)), ((keypress|L)), and ((Key press|~ ^)) keys were a visual reference to the control characters ((keypress|Ctrl|H)), ((keypress|Ctrl|J)), ((keypress|Ctrl|K)), ((keypress|Ctrl|L)), and ((keypress|Ctrl|~ ^)) that were required to move the cursor left, down, up, right, and to the top/left corner (or "Home" position) of the terminal, respectively.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/learSiegler/ADM_3/DP2880486F_ADM3A_UM_Apr86.pdf |title=Tenth Anniversary ADM 3A Dumb Terminal Video Display Terminal User's Reference Manual |pages=1–5 |publisher=Lear Siegler, Inc. |date=April 1986 |access-date=2017-06-24 |archive-date=2019-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126032135/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/learSiegler/ADM_3/DP2880486F_ADM3A_UM_Apr86.pdf |url-status=live ))</ref>  The ((keypress|Ctrl|H)) and ((keypress|Ctrl|J)) functions were the standard [[ASCII]] [[backspace]] and [[line feed]] respectively, but the interpretations of ((keypress|Ctrl|K)), ((keypress|Ctrl|L)), and ((keypress|Ctrl|~ ^)) were new to the ADM-3A.  Also common with other terminals, ((keypress|Ctrl|G)) produced an audible beep unless disabled via DIP switch and ((keypress|Ctrl|I)) tabbed the cursor to the next tabstop, with tabstops fixed at each 8th character position.  ((keypress|Ctrl|Z)) was used to clear the screen.

Finally, the [[Control key]] was located above, not below, the [[Shift key]]—in the same place where most modern PC keyboards put the [[Caps Lock key]].((efn|Very early [[Model F keyboard|PC keyboards]] also had the Ctrl key located above the Shift key, just like the ADM-3A's keyboard.)) Many standard Unix [[key combination]]s were designed with the QWERTY layout and the ADM-3A's original Ctrl key placement in mind.((citation needed|date=February 2011)) Many of those key combinations are still in use today, even on non-Unix operating systems. Seasoned computer users familiar with the original layout often claim that the different position of the Ctrl key on modern PC keyboard layouts makes the use of Ctrl key combinations more cumbersome.<ref>((cite web|url=http://capsoff.org/history|title=History of the War against Caps Lock|website=CAPSoff|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730034643/http://capsoff.org/history|archive-date=July 30, 2016))</ref><ref name="c2.com">((cite web|url=http://wiki.c2.com/?RemapCapsLock|title=Remap Caps Lock|access-date=2019-09-10|archive-date=2019-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822021346/http://wiki.c2.com/?RemapCapsLock|url-status=live))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/MovingTheCtrlKey|title=MovingTheCtrlKey|website=Emacs Wiki|access-date=2019-09-10|archive-date=2019-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917200945/https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/MovingTheCtrlKey|url-status=live))</ref>((better source needed|anonymous wiki cannot be used this statement|date=March 2014)) Solutions exist for many operating systems to switch around the Caps Lock and Ctrl keys in software,<ref name="c2.com"/><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.manicai.net/comp/swap-caps-ctrl.html |title=Swapping Capslock and Control Keys |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225082338/http://www.manicai.net/comp/swap-caps-ctrl.html |archivedate=2011-02-25 ))</ref> thus making the PC keyboard layout more closely resemble the ADM-3A's keyboard layout.

The legacy of the ADM-3A's keyboard also lives on in Japan, where the [[Japanese input method|local layout]] follows it almost exactly. Local Mac keyboard layouts even retain the ADM-3A's position of the Control key, transposing it with the Caps Lock key.

==See also==
* [[Teletype Model 33]]

== Notes ==
((notelist))

== References ==
((reflist))

== External links ==
((commons category|ADM-3A))
* [http://terminals-wiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lear_Siegler_ADM-3A Lear Siegler ADM-3A] on the [http://terminals-wiki.org terminals wiki]
* [http://www.vintage-computer.com/information.php?otheritems Lear Siegler ADM 3A]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071027163147/http://www.tentacle.franken.de/adm3a/ Lear Siegler, Inc. (LSI) Terminal ADM3A]
* ((cite web|url=http://www.vt100.net/lsi/rg512-um/|title=Digital Engineering, Inc. Retrographics RG-512|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225105327/http://www.vt100.net/lsi/rg512-um/|archive-date=2019-12-25))
* ((cite web |last1=Gangwere |first1=Morgan |title=Old tech: ADM-3A serial terminal, FreeBSD, and some fun. |url=https://quelab.net/6391/old-tech-adm-3a-serial-terminal/ |website=Quelab <!-- |accessdate=23 September 2020 |date=24 March 2013 -->))

[[Category:Lear Siegler]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1976]]
[[Category:Computing output devices]]
[[Category:Character-oriented terminal]]

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