Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALPL gene.[5][6]
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALPL gene.[5][6]
There are at least four distinct but related alkaline phosphatases: intestinal, placental, placental-like, and liver/bone/kidney (tissue-nonspecific). The first three are located together on chromosome 2, whereas the tissue-nonspecific form is located on chromosome 1. The product of this gene is a membrane-bound glycosylated enzyme that is expressed in a variety of tissues and is, therefore, referred to as the tissue-nonspecific form of the enzyme. A proposed function of this form of the enzyme is in regulating matrix mineralization through its ability to degrade mineralization-inhibiting pyrophosphate. Mice that lack a functional form of this enzyme (gene knockout mice) show abnormal skeletal and dental development including a mineralization deficiency called osteomalacia/odontomalacia (hypomineralization of bones and teeth).[7][8][9][10] Humans with inactivating mutations in the ALPL gene likewise have variable degrees of mineralization defects depending on the location of the mutation in the ALPL gene.[11][12]
Tissue Non-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (TNAP), encoded by the ALPL gene, exhibits an intriguing octameric structure as revealed by X-ray crystallography.[13] This distinct arrangement consists of four individual dimeric TNAP units. Structural studies on homologs of TNAP, namely human (ALPP)[14] and Escherichia coli (ecPhoA),[15] have identified the dimer as the minimal stable unit of TNAP. Notably, a single TNAP protein contains four metal ion binding sites: two Zn2+ sites and one Mg2+ site situated in the reaction center, and one Ca2+ site within the regulatory pocket. The octameric state observed in TNAP is unique compared to previously characterized alkaline phosphatases, all of which have been found in a dimeric state.
This enzyme has been linked directly to a disorder known as hypophosphatasia, a disorder that is characterized by low serum ALP and undermineralised bone (osteomalacia). The character of this disorder can vary, however, depending on the specific mutation, since this determines age of onset and severity of symptoms.
The severity of symptoms ranges from premature loss of deciduous teeth with no bone abnormalities to stillbirth[16] depending upon which amino acid[17][18] is changed in the ALPL gene. Mutations in the ALPL gene lead to varying low activity of the enzyme tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) resulting in hypophosphatasia (HPP).[19] There are different clinical forms of HPP which can be inherited by an autosomal recessive trait or autosomal dominant trait,[16] the former causing more severe forms of the disease. Alkaline phosphatase allows for mineralization of calcium and phosphorus by bones and teeth.[19] ALPL gene mutation leads to insufficient TNSALP enzyme and allows for an accumulation of chemicals such as inorganic pyrophosphate[19] to indirectly cause elevated calcium levels in the body and lack of bone calcification.
The mutation E174K, where a glycine is converted to an alanine amino acid at the 571st position of its respective polypeptide chain, is a result of an ancestral mutation that occurred in Caucasians and shows a mild form of HPP.[16]