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((Short description|Egyptian politician and general (1919–1967)))
((more citations needed|date=January 2012))
((Use dmy dates|date=May 2020))
((Infobox officeholder
| name                = Abdel Hakim Amer
| native_name         = ((small|عبد الحكيم عامر))
| image               = Abdel Hakim Amer, 1955.jpg
| caption             = 
| birth_date          = ((Birth date|1919|12|11|df=y))
| birth_place         = [[Samalut]], [[Sultanate of Egypt]]
| death_date          = ((Death date and age|1967|9|13|1919|12|11|df=y))
| death_place         = [[Cairo]], [[United Arab Republic]]
| resting_place       = [[Samalut]], [[Egypt]]
| order1              = [[Vice President of Egypt]]
| term_start1         = 7 March 1958
| term_end1           = 30 September 1965
| alongside           = [[Abdel Latif Boghdady]]
| president1          = [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]
| predecessor1        = Office established
| successor1          = [[Zakaria Mohieddin]]
| order2              = [[Cabinet of Egypt|Minister of Defense]]
| term_start2         = 31 August 1954
| term_end2           = 29 September 1962
| president2          = [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]
| predecessor2        = [[Hussein el-Shafei]]
| successor2          = [[Abdel Wahab el-Beshry]]
| order3              = [[Chief of Staff]] of the [[Egyptian Army]]
| term_start3         = 18 June 1953
| term_end3           = 11 June 1967
| president3          = [[Mohamed Naguib]]<br>[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]
| predecessor3        = [[Mohamed Naguib]]
| successor3          = [[Mohamed Fawzi (general)|Mohamed Fawzi]]
| branch              = ((flagicon image|Flag of the Army of Egypt.svg)) [[Egyptian Army]]
| allegiance          = ((flag|Egypt|1958))
| serviceyears        = 1939–1967
| rank                = [[File:EgyptianArmyInsignia-FieldMarshal.svg|25px]] [[Field Marshal]]
| unit                = 
| commands            = Chief of Staff<br/>Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Military Command of Egypt and Syria
| mawards             = [[Hero of the Soviet Union]]
| battles             = [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]]<br/> [[Suez Crisis]]<br/> [[North Yemen Civil War]]<br/> [[Six-Day War]]
| spouse              = [[Berlenti Abdul Hamid]]
))
'''Mohamed Abdel Hakim Amer''' (((lang-arz|محمد عبد الحكيم عامر)), ((IPA-arz|mæˈħæmmæd ʕæbdelħæˈkiːm ˈʕæːmeɾ|IPA)); 11 December 1919 &ndash; 13 September 1967) was an Egyptian military officer and politician. Amer served in the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], and played a leading role in the [[Egyptian revolution of 1952|military coup]] that overthrew [[Farouk of Egypt|King Farouk]] in 1952.  After leading Egyptian forces in the [[Suez Crisis|1956 Suez war]], he was appointed Minister for Defense by President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] and was Egyptian Vice President between 1958 and 1965.

==Early life and education==
Amer was born in [[Samalut]], in the [[Minya Governorate|El Minya]] on 11 December 1919.<ref name=TuckerRoberts2008>((cite book|author1=Spencer C. Tucker|author2=Priscilla Mary Roberts|title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA99|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-842-2|page=99))</ref> He was from an affluent family, and his father was a land owner and village mayor.<ref name=magd>((cite book|author=Zeinab Abul Magd |title=Militarizing the Nation. The Army, Business, and Revolution in Egypt|date=2017|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231542807|page=40|doi=10.7312/abul17062-003|url=https://doi.org/10.7312/abul17062-003))</ref> His uncle served as the minister of war during the reign of [[King Farouk]].<ref name=magd/>

After finishing school, Amer attended the [[Egyptian Military Academy]] and graduated in 1938.<ref name=TuckerRoberts2008/> He was commissioned into the [[Egyptian Armed Forces|Egyptian Army]] in 1939.

==Military career==
[[File:عبد الحكيم عامر.jpg|thumb|left|Abdel Hakim Amer]]

Amer served in the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], took part in the [[Egyptian revolution of 1952|1952 Revolution]] and commanded the [[Egyptian Army]] in the [[Suez Crisis]], the [[North Yemen Civil War]] and the [[Six-Day War]].

Amer played a leading role in the [[Egyptian revolution of 1952|military coup]] that overthrew [[Farouk of Egypt|King Farouk]] in 1952 and brought General [[Mohamed Naguib|Muhammad Naguib]] and Colonel [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] to power. The following year, Amer was promoted straight from major to major-general, bypassing four military ranks, and was made Egypt's [[Chief of the General Staff (Egypt)|Chief of the General Staff]].<ref>Tucker and Roberts, ''Encyclopedia," 2008, 99.</ref> In 1956, Amer was appointed commander-in-chief of the joint military command established by Egypt and [[Syria]]. He also led Egyptian forces against both [[Israel]]i and allied [[United Kingdom|British]]-[[France|French]] forces during the [[Suez Crisis|1956 Suez war]]. After the fighting ended, Amer accused [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] of provoking an unnecessary war and then blaming the military for the result.<ref name="Kandil2012p50"/> As Nasser's representative in Syria, Amer was detained by rebels during the [[1961 Syrian coup d'état]] and sent back to Cairo.

[[File:Sadat, Nasser and Amer.jpg|thumb|left|Amer (right) with President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] (center) and Speaker of Parliament [[Anwar Sadat]] (left), 1965]]
In March 1964, Amer was made first vice-president to Nasser and deputy supreme commander, with the power to rule for 60 days if the president was incapacitated.<ref name=TuckerRoberts2008/> Amer's distinguished career came to a sudden end after Egypt's crushing defeat by Israel in the Six-Day War of June 1967. Many historians, including Hazem Kandil, have stated that much of the responsibility for the Egyptian military's failure in the 1967 war can be laid at the feet of Amer.<ref name="Kandil2016"/> This was because Amer's control of the Egyptian military establishment was in line with President Gamal Abdel-Nasser's general policy of making different government institutions fiefdoms to those most loyal to him. In addition, the proxy war Egypt (with Soviet backing) fought against the Saudis, Western powers and Israelis in the [[North Yemen Civil War]] (1962–1970), with Nasser supporting the Yemen Arab Republic against the Western and Saudi Arabian backed Royalists, is also viewed as being key to Egypt's defeat in the 1967 Middle East war; as nearly half of the Egypt's Western-trained officer-corps (mostly in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] at [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Sandhurst]]) were in Yemen at the time of the initial Israeli attack on Egypt.((Citation needed|date=May 2010))
On 6 June 1967 on the second day of the Six-Day War, when Amer heard of the fall of [[Abu Ageila]] to Israel, he was said to have panicked and ordered all units in the Sinai to retreat. This order effectively meant the defeat of Egypt and thus turning the Egyptian retreat into a rout. On 17 June 1967 shortly after the Six Day War ended, Amer was relieved of all his duties and forced into early retirement.

==Arrest and contested cause of death==
In August 1967, Amer, along with over 50 Egyptian military officers and two former ministers, including [[Shams Badran]], were arrested for allegedly plotting a [[Coup d'état|coup]] to overthrow Gamal Abdel Nasser.<ref>((cite journal|author=Hicham Bou Nassif|title=Wedded to Mubarak: The Second Careers and Financial Rewards of Egypt's Military Elite, 1981-2011|journal=Middle East Journal|date=Autumn 2013|volume=67|issue=4|page=510 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43698073|jstor=43698073))</ref> Amer was kept under [[house arrest]] at his villa in [[Giza]].<ref name="time.com">((cite news|title=Tough Times for Nasser|newspaper=Time|date=22 September 1967
|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837302,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731042809/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837302,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 July 2008|access-date=14 October 2008))</ref>

According to the official Egyptian position, Amer was rushed to hospital on 13 September 1967 in an attempt to save his life after he attempted suicide by swallowing "a large amount of poison pills" upon the arrival of Egyptian officers to question him. After surviving and being taken home, he managed to evade his guards and swallow more pills he kept hidden under an adhesive plaster on his leg.<ref name="time.com"/> Later, Cairo radio announced his burial in his home village of Astal.

Another version of the circumstances surrounding Amer's death held that Amer was approached at his house on 13 September by high-ranking Egyptian officers and given a choice: to stand trial for treason, which would inevitably have ended with his conviction and execution, or to die an honourable death by taking poison.<ref name=ahram6sept /> Amer chose the latter option and received a full military burial. [[Anwar Sadat|Anwar Al Sadat]], who later became [[President of Egypt]], expressed his opinion that if he was in Amer's position, he would have done the same soon after the Six-Day War.<ref name=oren>((Cite book|publisher=Presidio Press|isbn=0-345-46192-4|author=Michael B. Oren|title=Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East|date=3 June 2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/sixdaysofwarjune0000oren_u3x7/page/480 480]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/sixdaysofwarjune0000oren_u3x7/page/480))p. 381</ref>

In September 2012, Amer's family filed a case to investigate his death. They claimed that he was murdered.<ref name=ahram6sept>((cite news|title=Military prosecutor to investigate death of former Egypt defence minister Abdel-Hakim Amer|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/52162/Egypt/Politics-/Military-prosecutor-to-investigate-death-of-former.aspx|access-date=21 February 2013|newspaper=Al Ahram|date=6 September 2012))</ref> Also, in a statement translated from ''[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]]'' published on 5 May 2015, the family's lawyer cited reports confirming that Amer's death was not self-inflicted, including an interview with Anwar Sadat's widow published on 26 April of that year.<ref>[https://ww.egyptindependent.com/abdel-hakim-amer-s-family-field-marshal-s-death-was-murder/ Abdel Hakim Amer's family: The Field Marshal's death was murder] ''Egypt Independent''</ref>

==Foreign awards and honours==
* Soviet Union:
**[[File:Gold Star Medal of Hero of the Soviet Union.gif|50px]] Recipient of the [[Hero of the Soviet Union]] (1964)<ref>((cite web|title=Abdel Hakim Amer|url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=2380|work=Heroes of the Soviet Union|publisher=War Heroes Russia|access-date=3 February 2013))</ref>
* Malaysia:
**[[File:MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm) - SMN.svg|50px]] Honorary Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Defender of the Realm]] (SMN (K)) - '''Tun''' (1965)<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1965.pdf|title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1965.|access-date=15 June 2016|archive-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928010854/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1965.pdf|url-status=dead))</ref>

==References==
((reflist|33em | refs=
<ref name="Kandil2016">((cite book|author=Hazem Kandil|title="Blood, Folly, and Sandcastles," in The Power Triangle: Military, Security, and Politics in Regime Change|url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190239206.001.0001/acprof-9780190239206-chapter-14|date=December 2016|publisher=Oxford Scholarship Online|isbn=978-0-19023-920-6))</ref>
<ref name="Kandil2012p50">((cite book|author=Hazem Kandil|title=Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt's Road to Revolt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5ShC2rO40YC|date=13 November 2012|publisher=Verso Books|isbn=978-1-84467-962-1|page=50|quote="meeting on 15 November (1956) ... Amer also lashed out at Nasser, accusing him of provoking an unnecessary war and then blaming the military for the result."))</ref>))

==External links==
*((Commons-inline))

((Navboxes
|title = Abdel Hakim Amer
|titlestyle = style="background:#eee;
|list =
((Commanders of the Egyptian Armed Forces))
((Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council))
((Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm))
((SyriaDefenseMins))
))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Amer, Abdel Hakim))
[[Category:20th-century Egyptian politicians]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1967 suicides]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:Defence Ministers of Egypt]]
[[Category:Egyptian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Egyptian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Field marshals of Egypt]]
[[Category:Foreign Heroes of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Free Officers Movement (Egypt)]]
[[Category:Heroes of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:People from Minya Governorate]]
[[Category:People of the Suez Crisis]]
[[Category:Suicides by poison]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]]
[[Category:Honorary Grand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm]]
[[Category:Vice-presidents of Egypt]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the General Staff (Egypt)]]
[[Category:Egyptian people of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War]]

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