Abelisauroids Temporal range: Middle Jurassic - Late Cretaceous, 179–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Majungasaurus crenatissimus skeleton, Stony Brook University
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Clade:	†Ceratosauria
Clade:	†Neoceratosauria
Superfamily:	†Abelisauroidea Bonaparte & Novas, 1985
Families
†Abelisauria Betasuchus Coeluroides? Compsosuchus Dahalokely Ligabueino? Ozraptor? Orthogoniosaurus? †Abelisauridae †Noasauridae

Abelisauroidea is a diverse superfamily of ceratosaurian dinosaurs, typically regarded as a Cretaceous group, though the earliest abelisaurid remains are known from the Middle Jurassic of Argentina (classified as the species Eoabelisaurus mefi) and possibly Madagascar (fragmentary remains of an unnamed species). Possible Abelisauridae remains (an isolated left tibia, right femur, and right tibia) were also discovered in Late Jurassic Tendaguru Beds in Tanzania.

Abelisauroids flourished in the Southern hemisphere during the Cretaceous period, but their origins can be traced back to at least the Middle Jurassic, when they had a more global distribution (the earliest known abelisauroid remains come from Australian and South American deposits dated to about 170 million years ago).^[1] By the Cretaceous period, abelisauroids had apparently become extinct in Asia and North America, possibly due to competition from tyrannosauroids. However, advanced abelisauroids of the family Abelisauridae persisted in the southern continents until the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago.^[2]

Diversity

In an assessment of the phylogenetic position of Eoabelisaurus, the analysis found it as the most basal member of the Abelisauridae. Abelisaurid synapomorphies include the laterally covered lacrimal antorbital fossa, broad cervical prespinal fossae, anteroposteriorly short anterior caudal neural spines, absence of a ventral groove in the anterior caudals, presence of rudimentary centrodiapophyseal laminae in the anterior mid-caudals, reduced distal ginglymus in the manual phalanges, and the presence of a flexor depression in the pedal unguals. Alternative phylogenetic placements of Eoabelisaurus are significantly suboptimal, except for a slightly more basal position.^[3] Noasaurids had longer arms than their relatives the abelisaurids, whose arms were tiny and diminished. Although by no means as large or specialized as the arms of advfanced bird-like theropods, noasaurid arms were nevertheless capable of movement and use, possibly even for hunting in large-clawed genera such as Noasaurus. Some genera such as Limusaurus did have somewhat reduced arms and hands, but far from the extent that abelisaurids acquired. Noasaurids were also nimble and lightly built, with feet showing adaptations for running such as a long central foot bone. Noasaurids varied in size, from the small Velocisaurus under 5 feet (1.5 meters) long, to much larger genera such as Elaphrosaurus and Deltadromeus, which were more than 20 feet (6.1 meters) in length.^[4]

Classification

Abelisauroidea is a superfamily which contains the family Noasauridae and Abelisauridae. Noasauridae was a very diverse group, with the two most complete members, Masiakasaurus and Limusaurus, showing unusual features very different from each other. Masiakasaurus had an unusually downturned jaw, with long and sharply pointed spoon-shaped teeth. Some of these teeth were nearly horizontal in orientation. Limusaurus, on the other hand, was completely toothless as an adult and likely possessed a horny beak. This large disparity means that it is difficult to find any skull features shared by members of Noasauridae as a whole. Abelisauridae remains are mainly known in the southern continents, which once made up the supercontinent of Gondwana. It has had several definitions in phylogenetic taxonomy. It was originally defined as a node-based taxon including Abelisaurus, Carnotaurus, and all of its descendants. Later, it was redefined as a stem-based taxon, including all animals more closely related to Abelisaurus (or the more complete Carnotaurus) than to Noasaurus.

Shared characteristics

Complete skeletons have been described only for the most advanced abelisaurids (such as Carnotaurus and Aucasaurus), making the establishment of defining features of the skeleton for the family as a whole more difficult. However, most are known from at least some skull bones, so known shared features come mainly from the skull. Many abelisaurid skull features are shared with carcharodontosaurids.^[5] These shared features, along with the fact that Abelisauridae seem to have replaced Carcharodontosauridae in South America, has led to suggestions that the two groups were related. Noasaurids were considered to be distinctive abelisauroids with a peculiar "sickle claw" on the second toe of the foot, convergently developed with that of deinonychosaurians. Among noasaurids, the Argentinean genera Noasaurus (Later Cretaceous) and Ligabueino (Early Cretaceous) are known from incomplete specimens, including disarticulated non-ungual phalanges and in Noasaurus, a claw. A detailed overview of these elements indicates that the supposed raptorial claw of the second pedal digit actually belongs to the first or second finger of the manus, and the putative pedal non-ungual phalanges or both genera also pertain to the manus.^[6]

Discovery

Most abelisauroids were found in Madagascar, Asia, or sometimes in Africa. Abelisauridae thrived during the Cretaceous period on the ancient southern supercontinent of Gondwana, and today their fossil remains are found on the modern continents of Africa and South America, as well as on the Indian subcontinent and the island of Madagascar. In Madagascar, Majungasaurus was discovered by French paleontologist Charles Depéret. Majungasaurus was the most common abelisauroid which we know. Studies of Majungasaurus indicate that it was a much slower-growing dinosaur than other theropods, taking nearly 20 years to reach adult size. Similar studies on other abelisaurid genera indicate that this slow maturation may have been a common trait to the whole of Abelisauridae. Noasaurines are Late Cretaceous noasaurids known exclusively from southern continents and islands such as South America, Madagascar, and India. Elaphrosaurines were lightly built theropods, with small skulls and long necks and legs. If Limusaurus is any indication, adult elaphrosaurines were completely toothless, and their mouths were probably edged with a horny beak. It is likely that Limusaurus and other elaphrosaurines were primarily herbivorous as adults, due to mature Limusaurus specimens preserving gastroliths and chemical signatures resembling those of herbivorous dinosaurs. In South America, many abelisauroids such as Skorpiovenator, Tarasscosaurus, Quilmesaurus, Aucasarus, Ilokelesia, and Pyconemosaurus are known. Kurupi itaata represents the first formally named vertebrate of the Marília Formation (Bauru Group, Bauru Basin) and one of the few theropod records for the Maastrichtian of the Bauru Basin. Its abelisaurid affinities are well established based on the anatomy of the pelvis and anterior caudal vertebrae; however, closer relationships with other abelisaurids are still unclear. The specimens provide new information on abelisauroids, which are still poorly known in the Brazilian fossil record, and on the distribution of this group of theropod dinosaurs in South America.^[7] These discoveries indicate that abelisauroids were the most common large predatory dinosaurs where they lived.^[8]

Paleobiology

Behavior

Using three methods, namely a cladistic analysis performed on a dentition-based data matrix, and discriminant and cluster analyses conducted on a large dataset of theropod teeth measurements, three dental morphotypes which are confidently referred to abelisaurid theropods are identifiable. Whether the morphotypes represent different abelisaurid subclades or different positional entities within the jaw of the same abelisaurid species, is unknown. Such an identification, nevertheless, provides additional evidence of abelisaurids feeding on sauropod carcasses.^[9]