Abortion in the U.S. state of Virginia is legal up to the end of the second trimester of a pregnancy.[1] Before the year 1900, abortion remained largely illegal in Virginia, reflecting a widespread trend in many U.S. states during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Abortion was viewed as a criminal act and subject to state laws that prohibited it. However, by 1950, Virginia introduced a legal therapeutic exception, allowing for abortion under specific circumstances, primarily when a woman's physical or mental health was at risk. Notably, the University of Virginia Hospital established a review board in 1950 responsible for evaluating and approving abortion requests, particularly those grounded in psychiatric reasons. This thorough approval process resulted in a significant decrease in the number of abortions performed at the hospital.

In a landmark 1975 case, Bigelow v. Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court delivered a pivotal ruling that declared state bans on abortion clinics advertising their services unconstitutional. This decision marked a turning point, ensuring that abortion providers in Virginia and across the country could openly communicate and provide information about their services to the public.

By 2007, Virginia enacted an abortion-specific informed consent requirement, mandating that women seeking abortions be provided with essential information regarding the procedure, its associated risks, and available alternatives before proceeding. The number of abortion clinics in Virginia has experienced fluctuations over the years. In 1982, the state boasted 71 abortion clinics, but this number dwindled to 64 by 1992 and further declined to a mere eighteen in 2014. The fluctuation can be attributed to various factors, including regulation changes, healthcare access, and political developments.

Abortion statistics in Virginia have revealed that there were 20,187 legal abortions performed in 2014, and this figure slightly decreased to 18,663 in 2015, providing insights into the scale of abortion procedures within the state's legal framework. Virginia boasts active abortion rights and anti-abortion rights activist communities, with advocacy groups on both sides playing significant roles in shaping the state's policies and regulations.

History

Virginia's journey through the legislative, judicial, and clinic histories regarding abortion underscores the state's ever-evolving approach to reproductive healthcare. Dating back to the late 1800s, when Virginia, akin to many states, implemented bans on abortion with therapeutic exceptions, the state aimed to navigate the delicate balance between protecting women's lives and regulating abortion practices. Over time, pivotal legal shifts reshaped Virginia's abortion landscape, starting with significant reforms in 1970 to align its laws with evolving legal standards.

In the 2023 United States elections in Virginia, Democrats retook full control of the General Assembly after campaigning on abortion rights following Governor Glenn Youngkin's promise to institute a 15-week abortion ban in the state if the Republicans gained a majority.[2]

Legislative history

Virginia's legislative history regarding abortion reflects a continual evolution of laws and regulations that have shaped access to reproductive healthcare. In the late 1800s, the state, like many others, had bans on abortion with therapeutic exceptions. These exceptions allowed for abortions in cases where the mother's life was in danger. The legislation was aimed at reducing fatalities resulting from unsafe abortion procedures during that era.

In 1970, Virginia made significant reforms to its abortion laws following the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code. This marked a shift in the state's approach to reproductive rights, aligning its regulations with evolving legal standards.

Throughout the following decades, Virginia introduced various regulations impacting abortion access. By 2007, the state was among those with detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirements, ensuring that individuals seeking abortion were provided specific information before the procedure.

In 2013, Virginia implemented Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) laws, imposing stringent requirements not only on abortion clinics but also on private doctor offices and medication-induced abortions. These regulations sparked debates around their impact on access to abortion services and the healthcare landscape.

In mid-May 2019, Virginia passed legislation banning abortion after the 25th week of pregnancy, further influencing the timeline for legal abortion procedures in the state.

However, in April 2020, Governor Ralph Northam signed bills removing certain abortion-related regulations. These bills eliminated requirements such as mandatory ultrasounds and counseling on abortion alternatives 24 hours before the procedure. They also expanded healthcare professionals authorized to perform first-trimester abortions and removed the designation of facilities performing more than five abortions annually as hospitals.

Presently, Virginia prohibits abortions in the third trimester, except when continuing the pregnancy poses an imminent danger to the woman's life, as certified by a physician. This requires the certification of three doctors if terminating the pregnancy is deemed necessary due to the likelihood of the patient's death or substantial and irremediable impairment to her mental or physical health.

On February 7, 2024, the Virginia House rejected a bill that would have instituted a near-total abortion ban.[3]

Judicial history

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.[4] (However, the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, No. 19-1392, 597 U.S. ___ (2022) later in 2022.[5][6])

The judicial history of abortion in Virginia is emblematic of the intricate and contentious legal terrain that has defined reproductive rights in the United States. Preceding the watershed ruling of Roe v. Wade in 1973, Virginia, like many states, enforced stringent abortion regulations. In 1972, the constitutionality of Virginia's abortion statutes came under scrutiny in the case of "United States v. Vuitch," ultimately reaching the hallowed chambers of the U.S. Supreme Court. The decision in Vuitch, though not a sweeping invalidation of Virginia's abortion laws, did provide essential elucidation on the criteria for medical judgment in determining the necessity of an abortion.

In the wake of the Roe v. Wade decision, Virginia, like its counterparts, was compelled to recalibrate its abortion laws to align with the newfound constitutional framework. The 1975 Supreme Court case "Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth" reaffirmed the principles established in Roe, thus necessitating the amendment of Virginia's abortion laws to fall in line with the constitutional mandate. Hence, during the first trimester, the state could no longer impose undue restrictions on abortion, safeguarding a woman's right to choose during this critical period.

Nonetheless, the legacy of Roe v. Wade was not without its legal challenges. As previously noted, the year 2022 bore witness to the pivotal case of "Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization," wherein the Supreme Court decided to overturn the hitherto sacrosanct precedent set by Roe. This momentous decision precipitated a sea change in the legal landscape, endowing states with greater autonomy to regulate abortion. Consequently, Virginia and other states find themselves at the cusp of a new legal paradigm, where the future of abortion rights is beset with uncertainties, poised for continuous transformation, and inexorably tethered to the multifaceted fabric of American jurisprudence. The evolution of this contentious and complex issue underscores the dynamism of the legal landscape, with profound implications for Virginia and the nation as a whole.[citation needed]

Clinic history

Number of abortion clinics in Virginia by year

See also: Abortion clinic

Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state declined by seventeen, going from 81 in 1982 to 64 in 1992.[7] In 2014, there were eighteen abortion clinics in the state.[8] In 2014, 92% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 78% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.[9] In 2017, there were five Planned Parenthood clinics, of which four offered abortion services, in a state with a population of 1,971,590 women aged 15–49.[10]

In 2017 17,210 abortions were done in Virginia. Not all of these were done for people who were residents of the state, many people had to travel from farther due to their state not providing this option.

On May 9, 2007, an unidentified person deliberately set fire to a Planned Parenthood clinic in Virginia Beach, Virginia.[11]

Statistics

In the period between 1972 and 1974, the state had an illegal abortion mortality rate per million women aged 15–44 of between 0.1 and 0.9.[12] In 1990, 745,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy.[7] In 2010, the state had two federally funded abortions.[13] In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were 1,090 abortions, 1,280 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 250 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 190 abortions for women of all other races.[14] In 2014, 55% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.[15] In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 5.9 deaths per 1,000 live births.[16]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996[17]
Census division and state Number Rate % change 1992–1996
1992 1995 1996 1992 1995 1996
South Atlantic 269,200 261,990 263,600 25.9 24.6 24.7 –5
Delaware 5,730 5,790 4,090 35.2 34.4 24.1 –32
District of Columbia 21,320 21,090 20,790 138.4 151.7 154.5 12
Florida 84,680 87,500 94,050 30 30 32 7
Georgia 39,680 36,940 37,320 24 21.2 21.1 –12
Maryland 31,260 30,520 31,310 26.4 25.6 26.3 0
North Carolina 36,180 34,600 33,550 22.4 21 20.2 –10
South Carolina 12,190 11,020 9,940 14.2 12.9 11.6 –19
Virginia 35,020 31,480 29,940 22.7 20 18.9 –16
West Virginia 3,140 3,050 2,610 7.7 7.6 6.6 –14
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
Location Residence Occurrence % obtained by

out-of-state residents

Year Ref
No. Rate^ Ratio^^ No. Rate^ Ratio^^
Virginia 20,444 12.1 198 20,187 12.0 195 5.9 2014 [18]
Virginia 18,501 11 179 18,663 11.1 181 5.2 2015 [19]
Virginia 16,913 10.1 165 17,058 10.2 166 6.0 2016 [20]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births
Reported or polled legal abortions in Virginia
Year Total Ratio* Rate** Percentage of abortion by out-of-state residents
1980[21] 31,958 408 24 5.9%
1981[22] 32,037 404 25 5.8%
1982[23] 31,869 393 25 5.8%
1983[23] 31,339 388 24 5.6%
1984[24] 31,550 382 23 5.6%
1985[24] 31,951 372 23 5.8%
1986[25] 32,619 374 25 5.6%
1987[25] 32,930 365 24 5.5%
1988[26] 34,029 367 24 5.9%
1989[27] 33,186 344 22 6.0%
1990[28] 32,992 334 21 6.0%
1991[29] 31,943 330 21 5.9%
1992[30] 29,641 306 19 6.0%
1993[31] 28,285 301 18 5.9%
1994[31] 26,369 279 17 6.3%
1995[32] 25,302 277 15 5.7%
1996[33] 25,770 279 16 5.8%
1997[34] 27,260 297 17 5.7%
1998[35] 26,115 277 16 5.8%
1999[36] 28,388 297 18 6.3%
2000[37] 28,627 289 18 6.2%
2001[38] 24,586 249 15 6.1%
2002[39] 24,992 251 16 5.7%
2003[40] 26,437 261 17 4.8%
2004[41] 26,117 251 16 5.1%
2005[42] 26,309 252 16 4.7%
2006[43] 27,349 254 16 5.3%
2007[44] 27,981 257 17 5.5%
2008[45] 28,698 269 17 6.2%
2009[46] 27,442 261 16 7.0%
2010[47] 25,953 252 15 7.1%
2011[48] 25,413 248 15 7.0%
2012[49] 22,916 222 13 6.6%
2013[50] 20,852 204 12 5.6%
2014[51] 20,187 195 12 5.9%
2015[52] 18,663 181 11 5.2%
2016[53] 17,058 166 10 6.0%

Abortion rights views and activities

Protests

Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019. A meme surfaced in 2019 with roughly over 70,766 shares. Practically misrepresenting Virginia Governor Ralph Northam “aiming to ease restrictions for third-trimester abortions in the state”. Northam was referring to Bill HB 2491, introduced by Kathy Tran proposing changes in the restriction for third trimester abortions. Stop the Bans were rallies circling the “concerns of women’s rights, [asserted] that politicians should not be making medical decisions about women’s bodies”. Governor Northam faced backlash over such comments from the Pro-life community. Northam's committee was quick to the press and stated the comments were taken out of context and Governor does support abortions in order to save the mother/womans life. [54][55]

Anti-abortion views and activities

"Silent Siege" where youth prayed silently for the ending of abortion. April 26, 2008 in Richmond, Virginia.

Organizations

Virginia Society for Human Life (VSHL), a nonprofit organization advocating an end to abortion in Virginia and is the oldest anti-abortion organization in the US.[56][57][58]

Violence

An anti-abortion protester named Joseph Grace set the Hillcrest clinic in Norfolk, Virginia ablaze on May 26, 1983. He was arrested while sleeping in his van a few blocks from the clinic when a patrol officer noticed the smell of kerosene.[59]

An unidentified person deliberately set fire to a Planned Parenthood clinic in Virginia Beach, Virginia on May 9, 2007.[60]

References

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  2. ^ Rankin, Sarah (November 8, 2023). "Virginia Democrats sweep legislative elections after campaigning on abortion rights". AP News. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  3. ^ "Near-total abortion ban rejected by Virginia House panel". ABC News. February 8, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
  4. ^ Buell, Samuel (1991-01-01). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66 (6): 1774–1831. PMID 11652642.
  5. ^ de Vogue, Arinne (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade". CNN. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  6. ^ Howe, Amy (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion". SCOTUSblog. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
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