Actinopyga agassizii
in spawning posture
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Holothuroidea
Order: Holothuriida
Family: Holothuriidae
Genus: Actinopyga
Species:
A. agassizii
Binomial name
Actinopyga agassizii
Synonyms[4]
  • Actinopyga agassizi (Selenka, 1867) (misspelling)
  • Mülleria agassizii Selenka, 1867

Actinopyga agassizii, commonly known as five-toothed sea cucumber or West Indian sea cucumber, is a species of sea cucumber in the family Holothuriidae. It was first described by German zoologist Emil Selenka in 1867. It is native to the Western Atlantic region, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, and is harvested for food.

Description

Actinopyga agassizii grows to a maximum length of approximately 35 cm (14 in). It has a white ground color with scattered yellow-brown spots. Its skin is thick and leathery, and its upper side is lined with papillae (conical fleshy protuberances) while rows of tube feet are found on its bottom side. It has five calcareous teeth surrounding its anus, a characteristic from which one of its common names is derived.[5][6][7]

Distribution and habitat

Actinopyga agassizii is found in the tropical Western Atlantic region, its range extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the Caribbean Sea. It is also found off the coasts of Bermuda. It is nocturnal and inhabits rocky areas, coral reefs, and sea grass beds at depths between 0 and 54 m (177 ft).[1][5]

Biology

Actinopyga agassizii feeds on detritus on algal turfs and sea grass beds and in sandy or rocky areas. An individual possesses only one of the two sexes and has a single gonad. It spawns and fertilizes both externally and may show signs of brooding. Its life cycle consists of the embryo growing into a free-swimming larva before developing a barrel-shaped body and later undergoing metamorphosis to turn into a juvenile sea cucumber. As a mode of self-defence, it can expel clusters of sticky threads called Cuvierian tubules which contain a toxic saponin named holothurin that can paralyze other animals.[5][7][8]

Status

Actinopyga agassizii is caught for food in small-scale fisheries. However, the quantities and the locations in which it is fished are currently unknown. It is less popular among fisheries compared with other sea cucumber species, although its popularity may rise when other species with higher demands are exhausted in numbers. Its conservation status is listed by the IUCN as being of "least concern".[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Toral-Granda, M.V; Alvarado, J.J.; Hamel, J.-F.; Mercier, A.; Benavides, M.; Paola Ortiz, E. (2016) [errata version of 2013 assessment]. "Actinopyga agassizi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T180353A102415323. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  2. ^ Selenka, Emil (1867). "Beiträge zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien". Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie. 17 (2): 291–374. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  3. ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Actinopyga agassizii". itis.gov. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  4. ^ Paulay, Gustav (2010). "Actinopyga agassizii (Selenka, 1867)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  5. ^ a b c "Actinopyga agassizi". sealifebase.ca. SeaLifeBase. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  6. ^ Bacchus, Faaizah. "Actinopyga agassizi (West Indian Sea Cucumber)" (PDF). sta.uwi.edu. University of the West Indies at St. Augustine. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  7. ^ a b "Five-toothed Sea Cucumber". nos.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  8. ^ Chanley, J. D.; Ledeen, R.; Wax, J.; Nigrelli, R. F.; Sobotka, Harry (1959). "Holothurin. I. Isolation, properties, and sugar components of holothurin A". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 81 (19): 5180–5183. doi:10.1021/ja01528a040.

External links

Holothuriidae
Taxon identifiers
Categories