After serving in churches in Philadelphia and New Haven, Connecticut, Powell was called as pastor to Abyssinian Baptist, where he served from 1908 to 1936. During the Great Migration of blacks out of the rural South, thousands of blacks moved to New York and Harlem became the center of African American life in the city. During his tenure, Powell supervised the purchase of land, fundraising, and the construction of a much larger church and facilities. He was a founder of the National Urban League, active in the NAACP and several fraternal organizations, and served as trustee of several historically black colleges and schools.
Background
Adam Clayton Powell was born near Martin's Mill on Maggodee Creek,[3] in Franklin County, Virginia.[2][4] This was in the Piedmont, above the Fall Line of the Roanoke River. His mother Sally Dunning (1842–1848–?), a free woman of color, named her first son after her older brother Adam Dunning. He headed the family as a farmer.[5] In 1860 Sallie was living with her mother Maildred, aunt Mary, and large family, including her grandmother Hannah; all the family were free mulattoes.[6][7] Powell wrote in his autobiography that his mother never told him who his father was. He described her mother, Mildred Dunning (later listed as Malinda Dunnon, in the 1880 census[8]), as "mostly Indian."[9] Mildred was still living with her daughter and family past 1880, so he knew her well. Powell had visible European-American ancestry, in features, light skin, and blue eyes. Two years after Adam's birth, in 1867 his mother Sally married Anthony Bush (b. abt. 1845-d. 1937), a mulatto freedman (former slave). In the 1870 census, he used the surname Dunning, as did his and Sally's children.[10]
J. Daniel Pezzoni, a preservation consultant, noted in 1995 there was a local tradition linking Powell's family to Llewellyn Powell, a white planter, who had property 10 miles away at Hale's Ford, but there was no documentary evidence for this.[6]Wil Haygood, a 1993 biographer of Adam Clayton Powell Jr., mistakenly wrote that Sally Dunning was held as a slave by white farmer Llewellyn Powell at the time of her son Adam's birth. He asserted Powell was the father of Adam.[11] Pezzoni noted Sally was a free woman of color, as were her mother and grandmother, proved by the 1860 census, which documented the three generations of the Dunning family.[6]
Both Sally's mother and grandmother were free; by Virginia's principle of partus sequitur ventrem in slave law, all of their children were also born free.[12]The Encyclopaedia of African American History (2006) claims that Powell's father was Llewellyn Powell, and that he was of German descent.[13] (Note: Both Llewellyn and Powell are names associated primarily with Wales and England rather than Germany.)
By 1880 the Dunning family had moved to Cabin Creek, Kanawha County, West Virginia, and taken new names. Anthony, his wife and children took the surname Powell. According to biographer Charles V. Hamilton, Anthony Bush "decided to take the name Powell as a new identity."[6] Sally's mother Mildred Dunning was listed as Malinda Dunnon in 1880, apparently changing her name, too, for their new lives in West Virginia.[14] There was a growing African-American community in the Kanawha Valley, attracted to jobs in mills and in coal production. In 1880 Anthony Powell worked at the dam; Adam Powell at age 15 worked hauling water at the mines, and Malinda Dunnon worked as a weaver.[8] Anthony reared Adam as his son, and he and Sally had several children together.
Adam Clayton Powell Sr. identified as black in the South and in his life. Later in life he easily passed as white for convenience when traveling by train in the South; he used it to gain better accommodations in the segregated railroad cars.[3][15][16]
On 30 June 1889, Powell married Mattie Shaffer (née Mattie Buster) of Pratt, West Virginia.[18] She was the daughter of Samuel Buster and his wife Eliza (née Wilson), both mixed race farm laborers. (Eliza changed her and her daughter's surname to Shaffer after divorcing Buster.)[19] The Powells had two children: Blanche F. Powell (b. 1898; d. 1926) and Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (b. 1908; d. 1972). Before 1920, Blanche married Clarence D. King, who had migrated to New York from Virginia, and the young couple lived with her parents for a time in the city.[20]
From 1908 until 1936, Powell served as pastor of the century-old Abyssinian Baptist Church, whose congregation had moved north and was located in Harlem, New York. Under his leadership, in 1920 the congregation acquired a large lot and built a substantial church and community center at a cost of $334,000.[1] With the increase in the black population to New York during the twentieth century's Great Migration, Powell ultimately attracted a membership of 10,000 at Abyssinian, the largest Protestant membership in the country.
Powell had widespread influence in the community. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, the German theologian and pastor, attended Abyssinian Baptist for six months while studying in New York at Union Theological Seminary before World War II. He was greatly influenced by the preaching, social work and the Black spiritual music of the congregation. Adam Clayton Powell Sr. has been credited with teaching Bonhoeffer about love of enemies, resisting systems of injustice, Christ's presence with the poor, and the doctrine of "cheap grace".[22][23][24]
^ abcYenser, Thomas, ed. (1930–1932). Who's Who in Colored America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Persons of African Descent in America (Third ed.). Brooklyn, New York: Who's Who in Colored America.
^1860 US Census, Franklin County, North Eastern Division, Virginia. Note: Sally Dunning was living with her mother Mildred, grandmother Hannah, aunt Mary, older brothers Adam and John, younger brother George, and sisters Jane, Lucetta and Mildred, all free mulattoes. Given the three generations of free women of color, that line was likely free since the colonial period.
^ ab1880 US Census, "Anthony Powell" and family, Cabin Creek, Kanawha County, West Virginia
^"Adam Clayton Powell Sr.", Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century, Oxford African American Studies Center.
^1880 US Census, "Anthony Powell" and family, Cabin Creek, Kanawha County, West Virginia. In this census, all the family but Dunnon were classified as mulatto; she was classified as black, although she had been classified as mulatto in 1860 and 1870. The classification was done by the census enumerator.
^Note: Documentation of origins was scarce for many slave and free black families. People in daily life and legal challenges made judgments about racial classification based on personal associates, marriage choices, and community, more than by genealogical documentation. Both his mother and Powell married mulatto spouses, a former slave and a daughter of former slaves, respectively.
^Powell and his family members were classified as mulatto in the censuses until 1920. Still living in Harlem as they had been in 1910, they were all classified as black in 1920. The mulatto category was dropped from the US census in 1930, under pressure from the powerful Southern Democrats. Respondents had no way to indicate mixed race until the 21st century.
^Frank Lincoln Mather (editor), Who's Who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent (1915), Volume 1, page 222
Yenser, Thomas (editor), Who's Who in Colored America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Persons of African Descent in America, Who's Who in Colored America, Brooklyn, New York, 1930–1931–1932 (Third Edition)
