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((Short description|Document processor for the production and manipulation of large structured documents))
((More citations needed|date=May 2008))
((Infobox software
| name = Adobe FrameMaker
| logo = Adobe FrameMaker icon 2021.svg
| screenshot = FrameMaker 9.0 WindowsVista screencap.png
| caption = Editing a document in Structured Mode in FrameMaker((nbsp))9 on [[Windows Vista]]
| developer = [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]]
| programming language = [[C (programming language)|C]]/[[C++]]<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.stroustrup.com/applications.html |title=The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0 |first=Vincent |last=Lextrait |date=January 2010 |access-date=2010-03-14 |archive-date=2018-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109121640/http://www.stroustrup.com/applications.html |url-status=live ))</ref>
| genre = [[Document processor]], [[XML editor]]
| license = [[Trialware]]
| website = ((URL|https://adobe.com/framemaker))
| latest_release_version = Summer 2020 release <ref>((cite web|url=https://helpx.adobe.com/framemaker/kb/framemaker-downloads.html|title=Download FrameMaker|access-date=2021-09-07|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907215654/https://helpx.adobe.com/framemaker/kb/framemaker-downloads.html|url-status=live))</ref>
| operating_system = [[Windows 10|64-bit version of Microsoft Windows 10]]<ref>((cite web|url=https://helpx.adobe.com/framemaker/help/fm_system_requirements.html|title=FrameMaker system requirements|date=August 2018|access-date=2019-03-21|archive-date=2021-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314174505/https://helpx.adobe.com/framemaker/help/fm_system_requirements.html|url-status=live))</ref>
))
'''Adobe FrameMaker''' is a [[document processor]] designed for writing and editing large or complex documents, including [[structured document]]s. It was originally developed by Frame Technology Corporation, which was bought by [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]].

== Overview ==
FrameMaker became an Adobe product in October 1995 when Adobe purchased Frame Technology Corp.<ref>Nadile, Lisa. [http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=9507120647&site=ehost-live "Adobe to buy Frame, adding content apps to tools."] PC Week 12.25 (1995): 3. Business Source Premier. EBSCO. Web. 6 June 2011.</ref> Adobe added [[SGML]] support, which was eventually adapted into XML support. In April 2004, Adobe stopped supporting FrameMaker for the [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1030037/framemaker.html|title=Adobe discontinues FrameMaker for Macintosh|first1=Jim|last1=Dalrymple|date=2004-03-23|website=macworld.com|access-date=2019-12-28|archive-date=2021-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306175009/https://www.macworld.com/article/1030037/framemaker.html|url-status=live))</ref>

This reinvigorated rumors surfacing in 2001 that product development and support for FrameMaker were being wound down. Adobe denied these rumors in 2001,<ref>((cite web | url= http://www.macobserver.com/article/2001/02/09.4.shtml | title= Rumors Of FrameMaker's Death Have Been Greatly Exaggerated [''sic''] | access-date= 2007-05-26 | date= 2001-02-09 | work= [[The Mac Observer]] | archive-date= 2016-04-25 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160425093414/http://www.macobserver.com/article/2001/02/09.4.shtml | url-status= live ))</ref> later releasing FrameMaker 8 at the end of July 2007, FrameMaker 9 in 2009, FrameMaker 10 in 2011, FrameMaker 11 in 2012, FrameMaker 12 in 2014, FrameMaker (2015 release - confusingly, internal version 13.0) in June 2015, FrameMaker 2017 (internal version 14.0) in January 2017, FrameMaker 2019 (internal version 15.0) in August 2018, FrameMaker 2020 (internal version 16.0) in 2020, and FrameMaker 2022 (internal version 17.0) in 2022.

FrameMaker has two ways of approaching documents: [[Structured writing|structured]] and unstructured.

* Structured FrameMaker is used to achieve consistency in documentation within industries such as aerospace, where several models of the same complex product exist, or pharmaceuticals, where translation and standardization are important requirements in communications about products. Structured FrameMaker uses [[SGML]] and [[XML]] concepts. The author works with an EDD ([[Element Definition Document]]), which is a FrameMaker-specific DTD ([[Document Type Definition]]). The EDD defines the structure of a document where meaningful units are designated as ''elements'' nested in each other depending on their relationships, and where the formatting of these elements is based on their contexts. Attributes or [[Metadata]] can be added to these elements and used for [[single source publishing]] or for filtering elements during the output processes (such as publishing for print or for Web-based display). The author can view the conditions and contexts in a tree-like structure derived from the [[context-free grammar|grammar]] (as specified by the DTD) or as formatted in a typical final output form.
* Unstructured FrameMaker uses tagged paragraphs without any imposed logical structure, except that expressed by the author’s concept, topic organization, and the formatting supplied by paragraph and character tags.

When a user opens a structured file in unstructured FrameMaker, the structure is lost.

== MIF ==
MIF (Maker Interchange Format) is a markup language that functions as a companion to FrameMaker. MIF always had 3 purposes. The first was to represent FrameMaker documents in a relatively simple [[ASCII]]-based format, which can be produced or understood by other software systems and also by human operators. The second was to ensure any version of FrameMaker could read a document produced by any other version, at least to the extent it had the same features. While every version of FrameMaker could read the last couple of version's documents, reading them all took too much software effort and testing, so reading MIF was sufficient. The third was to ensure that FrameMaker would never lose a writer's work. If FrameMaker crashed, it would first write out the current document in MIF.

Any document that can be created interactively in FrameMaker can also be represented, exactly and completely, in MIF (the reverse, however, is not true: a few FrameMaker features are available only through MIF). All versions of FrameMaker can export documents in MIF, and can also read MIF documents, including documents created by an earlier version or by another program.

== History ==
((more citations needed section|date=April 2013))
While working on his master's degree in [[astrophysics]] at [[Columbia University]], Charles "Nick" Corfield, a mathematician alumnus of the [[University of Cambridge]], decided to write a [[WYSIWYG]] [[document processor|document editor]] on a [[Sun-2]] [[workstation]]. He got the idea from his college roommate at Columbia, Ben Meiry, who went to work at [[Sun Microsystems]] as a technical consultant and writer, and saw that there was a market for a powerful and flexible [[desktop publishing]] (DTP) product for the professional market.

The only substantial DTP product at the time of FrameMaker's conception was [[Interleaf]], which also ran on Sun workstations in 1981.<ref>((cite magazine
|magazine=Release 1.0
|title=On Beyond Numbers: New Applications
|url=http://cdn.oreilly.com/radar/r1/02-88.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://cdn.oreilly.com/radar/r1/02-88.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live
|date=1988-02-16
|page=10))</ref> Meiry saw an opportunity for a product to compete with Interleaf, enlisted Corfield to program it, and assisted him in acquiring the hardware, software, and technical connections to get him going in his Columbia University dorm room (where Corfield was still finishing his degree).

Corfield programmed his algorithms quickly. After only a few months, Corfield had completed a functional prototype of FrameMaker. The prototype caught the eyes of salesmen at the fledgling Sun Microsystems, which lacked commercial applications to showcase the graphics capabilities of their workstations. They got permission from Corfield to use the prototype as [[demoware]] for their computers, and hence, the primitive FrameMaker received plenty of exposure in the [[Unix]] workstation arena.

[[Steve Kirsch]] saw the demo and realized the potential of the product. Kirsch used the money he earned from [[Mouse Systems]] to fund a startup company, Frame Technology Corp., to commercialize the software.

Corfield chose to sue Meiry for release of rights to the software so they could more easily obtain additional investment capital with Kirsch. Meiry had little means to fight a lengthy and expensive lawsuit with Corfield and his new business partners, and he chose to relinquish his rights to FrameMaker and move on.

Originally written for [[SunOS]] (a variant of UNIX) on Sun machines, FrameMaker was a popular technical writing tool, and the company was profitable early on. Because of the flourishing desktop publishing market on the [[Apple Macintosh]], the software was ported to the Mac as its second platform.

In the early 1990s, a wave of UNIX workstation vendors—[[Apollo Computer|Apollo]], [[Data General]], [[MIPS Computer Systems Inc.|MIPS]], [[Motorola]] and [[Sony]]—provided funding to Frame Technology for an [[original equipment manufacturer|OEM]] version for their platforms.

At the height of its success, FrameMaker ran on more than thirteen UNIX platforms, including [[NeXT|NeXT Computer]]'s [[NeXTSTEP]], [[Dell]]'s System V Release 4 UNIX and [[IBM]]'s [[AIX operating system|AIX]] operating systems.

Sun Microsystems and [[AT&T Inc.|AT&T]] were promoting the [[OPEN LOOK]] [[GUI]] standard to win over Motif, so Sun contracted Frame Technology to implement a version of FrameMaker on their [[PostScript]]-based [[NeWS]] windowing system. The NeWS version of FrameMaker was successfully released to those customers adopting the OPEN LOOK standards.

At this point, FrameMaker was considered an extraordinary product for its day, not only enabling authors to produce highly structured documents with relative ease, but also giving users a great deal of typographical control in a reasonably intuitive and totally WYSIWYG way. The output documents could be of very high typographical quality.

Frame Technology later ported FrameMaker to [[Microsoft Windows]], but the company lost direction soon after its release. Up to this point, FrameMaker had been targeting a professional market for highly technical publications, such as the maintenance manuals for the [[Boeing 777]] project, and licensed each copy for $2,500. But the Windows version brought the product to the $500 price range, which cannibalized its own non-Windows customer base.

The company's attempt to sell sophisticated technical publishing software to the home [[Desktop publishing|DTP]] market was a disaster. A tool designed for a 1,000-page manual was too cumbersome and difficult for an average home user to type a one-page letter. And despite some initially enthusiastic users, FrameMaker never really took off in the academic market, because of the company's unwillingness to incorporate various functions (such as support for endnotes or long footnotes split across pages), or to improve the equation editor.

Sales plummeted and brought the company to the verge of [[bankruptcy]]. After several rounds of layoffs, the company was stripped to the bare bones.

[[Adobe Inc.|Adobe Systems]] acquired the product and returned the focus to the professional market. Then, they released a new version under the name Adobe FrameMaker 5.1 in 1996. Today, Adobe FrameMaker is still a widely used publication tool for [[technical writer]]s, although no version has been released for the [[Mac OS X]] operating system, limiting use of the product. The decision to cancel FrameMaker caused considerable friction between Adobe and Mac users, including Apple itself, which relied on it for creating documentation. As late as 2008, Apple manuals for [[OS X Leopard]]<ref>((cite web |author=John Gruber |url=http://daringfireball.net/linked/2008/06/03/framemaker |title=Apple still using Framemaker in Classic |date=2008-06-03 |website=[[Daring Fireball]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126234654/http://daringfireball.net/linked/2008/06/03/framemaker |archive-date=2013-01-26 |url-status=live))</ref> and the [[iPhone]]<ref>((cite web
 | author = Michael Tsai
 | title = Old Meets New
 | date = 2007-05-01
 | url = http://mjtsai.com/blog/2007/07/01/old-meets-new/
 | access-date = 2013-01-21
 | archive-date = 2020-12-02
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201202024806/https://mjtsai.com/blog/2007/07/01/old-meets-new/
 | url-status = live
 ))</ref> were still being developed on FrameMaker 7 in Classic mode; Apple has since switched to using [[InDesign]].

FrameMaker versions 5.x through 7.2 (from mid-1995 to 2005) did not contain updates to major parts of the program (including its general user interface, table editing, and illustration editing), concentrating instead on bug fixes and the integration of XML-oriented features (previously part of the FrameMaker+[[SGML]] premium product). FrameMaker did not feature multiple undo until version 7.2 (its 2005 release).

FrameMaker 8 (2007) introduced [[Unicode]], [[Adobe Flash|Flash]], [[3D computer graphics|3D]], and built-in [[Darwin Information Typing Architecture|DITA]] support. Platform support included Windows (2000, XP, and Vista) and Sun [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]] (8, 9, and 10).

FrameMaker 9 (2009) introduced a redesigned user interface and several enhancements, including: full support for [[Darwin Information Typing Architecture|DITA]], support for more media types, better PDF output, and enhanced WebDAV-based [[Content management system|CMS]] integration. Platform support for Sun Solaris and Windows 2000 was dropped, leaving Windows XP and Windows Vista as the sole remaining platforms.

FrameMaker 10 (2011) again refined the user interface and introduced several changes, including: integration with content management systems via EMC Documentum 6.5 with Service Pack 1 and Microsoft SharePoint Server 2007 with Service Pack 2.

== Other FrameMaker tools ==

* FrameMaker Publishing Server is an online [[document processor]] server for automated creation of multi-use content types. The web interface enables users to direct aggregation of differing information sources routinely into detailed a presentation in multiple environments on numerous devices.<ref>((Cite web|title=Adobe FrameMaker Publishing Server|url=https://www.adobe.com/sea/products/framemakerpublishingserver.html|access-date=2021-04-26|website=www.adobe.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426065203/https://www.adobe.com/sea/products/framemakerpublishingserver.html|url-status=live))</ref>

== Alternatives and competition ==
There were several major competitors in the technical publishing market, such as [[Arbortext]], [[Interleaf]], and [[Corel Ventura]]. Many academic users now use [[LaTeX]],<ref>((cite journal |last1=Pepe |first1=Alberto |title=How many scholarly articles are written in LaTeX? |journal=Authorea |date=February 21, 2017 |doi=10.22541/au.148771883.35456290))</ref> because modern editors have made that system increasingly user-friendly, and [[LyX]] allows LaTeX to be generated with little or no knowledge of LaTeX. Several formats, including [[DocBook]] XML, target authors of technical documents about computer hardware and software. Lastly, alternatives to FrameMaker for technical writing include [[Help authoring tool]]s and [[XML editor]]s.

== See also ==
* [[Comparison of word processors]]

== References ==
((Reflist|3))

== External links ==
* ((official))
* [http://www.frameusers.com/ FrameUsers.com] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508125836/http://www.frameusers.com/ |date=2015-05-08 )) FrameMaker users' largest online reference site and community
* [http://www.daube.ch/docu/files/fm_history.pdf History of FrameMaker]
* [https://forums.adobe.com/community/framemaker Adobe FrameMaker Online Forum]

((Desktop publishing software))
((Adobe Technical Communication Suite))
((Adobe Systems))

[[Category:1986 software]]
[[Category:Adobe software|FrameMaker]]
[[Category:Desktop publishing software]]
[[Category:IRIX software]]
[[Category:NeXTSTEP software]]
[[Category:Solaris software]]
[[Category:Technical communication tools]]
[[Category:Text editors]]
[[Category:Typesetting software]]
[[Category:XML editors]]
[[Category:XML software]]
[[Category:C++ software]]

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