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((Multiple issues|
((More citations needed|date=April 2023))
((Lead too short|date=April 2023))
))

((Infobox ethnic group
|group    = Afro-Barbadians
|pop      = 95.5% of the Barbadian population (92.4% black and 3.1% [[multiracial people|multiracial]]).
|popplace = Barbados, [[United States]], [[Canada]] and the [[United Kingdom]]
|langs    = English, [[Bajan Creole]] 
|rels     = Christianity, [[Rastafari]], [[African diaspora religions|Afro-American religions]], [[Traditional African religions]], [[Islam]]
|related  = [[Afro-Caribbean people|Afro-Caribbean]], [[African diaspora]]
))
[[File:Bussa statue.png|thumb|Statue of African-born slave revolt leader Bussa]]
[[File:Portrait of Dr Christopher James Davis Wellcome L0069611.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Barbadian Dr. Christopher James Davis]]
'''Black Barbadians''' or '''Afro-Barbadians''' are [[Barbados|Barbadians]] of entirely or predominantly [[Black people|African descent]].

92.4% of [[Barbados]]' population is black and 3.1% is [[multiracial people|multiracial]] based on estimates in 2010.<ref name="factbook">((cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/barbados/ |title=Barbados factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=2018-04-29))</ref>

== Origins ==
Most of the enslaved Africans brought to Barbados were from the [[Bight of Biafra]] (62,000 Africans), the [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] (59,000 Africans), and the [[Bight of Benin]] (45,000 Africans).<ref name="photobafriban">This citation is broken [http://s1207.photobucket.com/user/oditous3/media/AfricanOriginsbroadregionsforCarribeanenglishfrenchnumbers.jpg.html African origins of the slaves from British and former British Antilles]</ref> Other African slaves came from [[Central Africa]] (29,000 slaves), [[Senegambia]] (14,000 Africans), the [[Windward Coast]] (13,000 slaves) and from [[Sierra Leone]] (9,000 slaves).<ref name="photobafriban" />

Africans from the Bight of Biafra were primarily [[Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade|Igbo]], [[Ibibio people|Ibibio]] and [[Efik people|Efik]]; Africans from the Gold Coast were primarily [[Akan people|Akan]]; Africans from the Bight of Benin were primarily Yoruba, [[Ewe people|Ewe]] and [[Fon people|Fon]]; and Africans from Central Africa were primarily [[Kongo people|Kongo]].<ref name="seapower">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/barbados_01.shtml Slavery and Economy in Barbados]. Posted by  Dr Karl Watson.</ref>

The [[Royal African Company]] in Barbados had its own preference on the origins of the slaves for work. Thus, the company considered, as reported once, that certain slaves were worth more than other slaves from a specific region.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~brbwgw/ArticleSlavery18thCentury.htm|title=Barbados Article: Slavery 18th Century|access-date=7 May 2023))</ref>

==History==
((More citations needed|section|date=April 2023))
((Main|Barbados Slave Code))
When English settlers first arrived in the 1620s on the island, Barbados was mostly unpopulated. Its indigenous Amerindian inhabitants had either fled to other countries or have been captured by European slave traders. As the colonists adopted sugar production as Barbados's central industry, the European colonists passed laws legitimizing slavery and established big plantations reliant on enslaved Africans.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/barbados-announces-new-heritage-district-documenting-slavery-180979175/|title=After Breaking Ties With Britain, Barbados Announces Heritage District Tracing Slavery's Toll|first1=Smithsonian|last1=Magazine|first2=Livia|last2=Gershon|website=Smithsonian Magazine|access-date=7 May 2023))</ref>

Rum and sugar was the focus of the industry In Barbados. As it developed into the main commercial enterprise, Barbados was divided into large plantation estates which replaced the small holdings of the early English settlers as the wealthy planters pushed out the poor. The Irish as they were called were the poor white slaves and planters that became the first police force and fishermen of Barbados. Some of the displaced farmers relocated to the English colonies in North America, most notably [[South Carolina]].<ref name="heritagecorridor">
[http://www.sc-heritagecorridor.org/the_connection/ South Carolina National Heritage Corridor (SCNHC)] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307022357/http://www.sc-heritagecorridor.org/the_connection/ |date=2012-03-07 ))</ref> To work the plantations, Black Africans were imported as slaves in such numbers that in the last two decades of the 17th century, Blacks outnumbered Whites by a margin of two to one, and in the 18th century there were three Blacks for every one planter.<ref name="seapower"/> [[Sugar cane]] dominated Barbados' economic growth, and the island's [[cash crop]] was at the top of the [[sugar industry]] until 1720.

Roberts (2006) shows that slaves did not spend the majority of time in restricted roles cultivating, harvesting, and processing sugarcane – the island's most important cash crop. Rather, slaves involved in various activities and in multiple roles: raising livestock, fertilizing soil, growing provisional crops, maintaining plantation infrastructure, caregiving, and various other tasks. One notable [[soil management]] technique was intercropping, planting subsistence crops between the rows of cash crops – which demanded of the slaves skilled and experienced observations of growing conditions for efficient land use.<ref name="agricudians">Justin Roberts, "Agriculture on Two Barbadian Sugar Plantations, 1796-97," ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 2006 63(3): 551-586.</ref>

In the mid-1640s, the population of Barbados was estimated at over 18,000, many of which were coerced or voluntary indentured servants, but the number of "Negro slaves" was around 8,000. By the mid-1650s, there was near parity with 20,000 Africans and 25,000 Europeans. By the mid-1670s, there were approximately 33,000 enslaved people and 21,500 Europeans (both indentured and free).<ref>((Cite journal |last=Handler |first=Jerome S. |date=2016-01-14 |title=Custom and law: The status of enslaved Africans in seventeenth-century Barbados |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039x.2015.1123436 |journal=Slavery & Abolition |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=233–255 |doi=10.1080/0144039x.2015.1123436 |s2cid=59506865 |issn=0144-039X))</ref>

Due to the increased implementation of [[Barbados Slave Code|slave codes]], which created differential treatment between Africans and the European workers and ruling [[planter class]], the island became increasingly unattractive to [[redlegs|poor Whites]]. Slave codes were implemented in 1661, 1676, 1682, and 1688. In response to these codes, several slave rebellions were attempted or planned during this time, but none succeeded. Nevertheless, planters expanded their importation of African slaves to cultivate sugar cane.((citation needed|date=May 2021))

By 1660, Barbados generated more trade than all the other English colonies combined. This remained until it was eventually surpassed by geographically larger islands like Jamaica in 1713. Even though, in 1730&ndash;31 the estimated value of the colony of Barbados was as much as £5,500,000.<ref name="sucslave">Richard B. Sheridan, ''Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623-1775'', p. 144.</ref>

From the beginning of the eighteenth century, most Blacks of Barbados had been born on the island, which facilitated the creation of a Barbadian identity since these years. Moreover, as occurred in the White population, the percentage was much higher women than men, unlike other Caribbean islands, where it was the opposite. This facilitated the reproduction of the Black population during the second half of the 18th century, without having to rely on new imports of Africans to maintain the same output of slave labor. In addition, the birth rate was higher than mortality. However, in the early 19th century, there continued to be imported African slaves in Barbados.<ref name="seapower"/> Increasingly after 1750, the plantations were owned by absentee landlords living in Great Britain and operated by hired managers.<ref>Ragatz (1931).</ref>
[[File:Rihanna Fenty 2018 2 (cropped).png|thumb|Afro-Barbadian singer Rihanna]]
It is estimated that between 1627 and 1807, approximately 387,000 enslaved Africans were sent to Barbados. Barbados ([[Bridgetown]], in particular), re-exported many slaves to North America, other Caribbean islands, and the [[Captaincy General of Venezuela]]. Later, the [[Royal African Company]] established offices in Jamaica and Barbados. Thus, from Jamaica are re-exported slaves to [[Mexico]], while from Barbados are re-exported to [[Venezuela]].<ref name="seapower"/> The slave trade ceased in 1807, and slaves were emancipated in 1834.<ref name="agricudians"/>

== Afro-Barbadian culture ==
((Main|Barbados culture))
Barbadian culture and music are mixtures of African and European elements, with influence from the Indigenous peoples of the island.<ref name="Garland">Millington, pp 813-821</ref>

Barbadian culture is syncretic, and the island's musical culture is perceived as a mixture of African and British musics, with certain unique elements that derive from Indigenous sources. Tension between African and British culture has long been a major element of Barbadian history, and has included the banning of certain African-derived practices and Afro-Barbadian parodies of British traditions.<ref>Millington, pg. 816 ''Millington notes that "(l)inks, fusion and tension between African and British cultural expressions are still currently manifested."''</ref>

Barbadian cuisine includes a blend of foods with African and British influences.<ref>[http://www.worldculinary.net/index_files/Page875.htm Culinary Travel Destinations: Barbados]. World Culinary. Accessed 21 January 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100527151657/http://www.worldculinary.net/index_files/Page875.htm Archive].</ref>

Most Barbadians are [[Christianity|Christian]] (whether practicing or otherwise).<ref name=Bureau>U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. [http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108513.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2008]. ''U.S. Department of State Archive''. 19 September 2008.</ref> The [[Rastafarian|Rastafari movement]] also has its community of adherents.<ref name=Bureau/>

==Notable people==
((Unreferenced section|date=December 2022))
* [[Abiola Grant]]
* [[Ackeel Applewhaite]]
* [[Hadan Holligan]]
* [[Nadre Butcher]]
* [[Kieran Gibbs]]
* [[Emmerson Boyce]]
* [[Tajio James]]
* [[Thierry Gale]]
*[[Yewande Omotoso]]
* [[Danny Gabbidon]]
* [[Nick Blackman]]
* [[Louie Soares]]
* [[Tom Soares]]
* [[Jomo Harris]]
* [[La'Vere Corbin-Ong]]
* [[Rashad Jules]]
* [[Rhian Brewster]]
* [[Nicoli Brathwaite]]

==References==
((reflist))

((African diaspora))
((Immigration to Barbados))

((portal bar|Caribbean|Africa))

==External links==
*[https://www.aaihs.org/on-barbados-the-first-black-slave-society/ On Barbados, the First Black Slave Society]

[[Category:African diaspora in Barbados| ]]
[[Category:People of African descent|Barbadian]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Barbados]]
[[Category:African diaspora in the Caribbean]]

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