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((Short description|Egyptian Poet))
((About|the poet|other individuals with similar names|Ahmed Shawki (disambiguation)((!))Ahmed Shawki))

((More footnotes needed|date=April 2024))
((Infobox writer
| name             = Ahmed Shawqi<br> أحمد شوقي
| honorific_suffix = Amīr al-Shu‘arā’
| image            = Ahmad shawqy.jpg
| image_size       = 
| caption          = Portrait of Ahmed Shawqi.
| birth_date       = ((Birth date|1868|10|17|mf=y))
| birth_place      = [[Cairo]], [[Khedivate of Egypt]]
| death_date       = ((Death date and age|1932|10|14|1868|10|16|mf=y))
| death_place      = Cairo, [[Kingdom of Egypt]]
| language         = Arabic
| occupation       = Poet, playwright
| alma_mater       = [[University of Paris]]<br>[[Université Montpellier]]
| genres           = ((hlist|Poem|[[drama]]|prose))
| movement         = Arab Neoclassicism
| signature        = 
))

'''Ahmed Shawqi''' (((lang-ar|أحمد شوقي)), ((ALA-LC|ar|Aḥmad Shawqī)), ((IPA-arz|ˈʔæħmæd ˈʃæwʔi)); 1868–1932), nicknamed '''the Prince of Poets''' (((lang-ar|أمير الشعراء)) ''Amīr al-Shu‘arā’''), was an [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] [[poet laureate]], [[Linguist]], and one of the most famous [[Arabic poetry|Arabic]] literary writers of the modern era in the [[Arab World]].<ref name="britannica">((cite encyclopedia |entry=Aḥmad Shawqī ((!)) Egyptian poet |entry-url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmad-Shawqi |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=2 May 2021))</ref>

==Life==
Raised in a wealthy family of mixed [[Egyptians|Egyptian]], [[Circassians|Circassian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]], and [[Greeks|Greek]] roots,<ref>((Cite web |title=نبذة عن الشاعر أحمد شوقي |url=https://mawdoo3.com/نبذة_عن_الشاعر_أحمد_شوقي |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=موضوع |language=ar))</ref><ref>((citation|last=Goldschmidt|first=Arthur|year=2013|chapter=Shawqi, Ahmad|title=Historical Dictionary of Egypt|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810880252|page=381|quote=Distinguished Arabic poet and playwright, often called Amir al-shu'ara (Prince of Poets). He came from wealthy family of mixed Turkish, Arab, Kurdish, and Greek origin that was closely connected to the khedivial family.))</ref><ref name="Sadgrove 2010 loc=267">((citation |last=Shahid|first=Irfan|year=2010|chapter=Ahmad Shawqi (1868–1932) |title=Essays in Arabic Literary Biography: 1850–1950|editor1-last=Allen|editor1-first=Roger M. A.|editor1-link=Roger Allen (translator)|editor2-last=Lowry|editor2-first=Joseph Edmund|editor3-last=Stewart |editor3-first=Devin J.|page=305|isbn=978-3447061414|quote=Shawqi was born in Cairo in 1868 to a good middle class family in whose veins ran Turkish, Kurdish, Circassian, Greek, and Arab blood.))</ref> his family was prominent and well-connected with the court of the [[Khedive]] of [[Egypt]]. Upon graduating from high school, he attended law school, obtaining a degree in [[translation]]. Shawqi was then offered a job in the court of the Khedive [[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas II]], who was the khedive of Egypt, which he immediately accepted.

After a year working in the court of the Khedive, Shawqi was sent to continue his studies in Law at the Universities of [[University of Montpellier|Montpellier]] and [[University of Paris|Paris]] for three years. While in [[France]], he was heavily influenced by the works of French playwrights, most notably [[Molière]] and [[Jean Racine|Racine]]. He returned to Egypt in 1894, and remained a prominent member of Arab literary culture until the British forced him into exile in southern Spain, [[Andalusia]], in 1914.
Shawqi remained there until 1920, when he returned to Egypt. In 1927 he was crowned by his peers ''Amir al-Sho’araa’'' (literally, "the Prince of Poets") in recognition of his considerable contributions to the literary field.

He used to live in ‘Karmet Ibn Hani’ or Ibn Hani’s Vineyard at [[El Matareya, Cairo|Al-Matariyyah]] area near the palace of the Khedive [[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas II]] at Saray El-Qobba until he was exiled. After returning to Egypt he built a new house at [[Giza]] which he named the new Karmet Ibn Hani.<ref>My Father Shawky by Hussin Ahmed Shawky 2nd edition (in arabic) General authority of culture palaces 2006 Cairo</ref> He met [[Mohammed Abdel Wahab]], and introduced him for the first time to art, making him his protégé as he gave him a suite in his house. The house later on became [[Ahmed Shawki Museum]] and [[Mohammed Abdel Wahab]] became one of the most famous Egyptian composers.

==Work==
[[Image:Villa Borghese - monumento Ahmed Shawky 01215.JPG|thumb|Monument of Shawqi in [[Villa Borghese]], Rome by Egyptian Sculptor [[Gamal El-Sagini]]]]
Shawqi’s work can be categorized into three main periods during his career. The first coincides with the period during which he occupied a position at the court of the Khedive, consisting of eulogies to the Khedive: praising him or supporting his policy. The second comprised the period of his exile in Spain. During this period, his feeling of nostalgia and sense of alienation directed his poetic talent to patriotic poems on Egypt as well as the Arab world and [[panarabism]]. The third stage occurred after his return from exile, during that period he became preoccupied with the glorious history of Ancient Egypt and Islam. This was the period during which he wrote his religious poems, in praise of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The maturation of his poetic style was also reflected in his plays, the most notable of which were published during this period.

===Plays===
Shawqi was the first in modern Arabic literature to write poetic plays. He wrote five tragedies:
* [[Majnun Laïla|Majnun Laila]] ("Layla's mad lover"), his first play.
* [[The Death of Cleopatra (play)|The Death of Cleopatra]]
* 'Antara
* Ali beh el-Kebeer
* Kambeez (Cambyses II), 1931

and two comedies:
* El-Set Huda (Madame Huda)
* El-Bakhila (the Miser-ette)

in addition to a prose play: ''the Princess of Andalusia''.
[[File:Ahmed Shawki Museum, Egypt.JPG|thumbnail|[[Ahmed Shawki Museum]], [[Egypt]]]]

===Poetry===
* Esh-Shawqiyyat, his selected works, in four volumes, including Nahj al-Burda, a tribute to Muhammad.
* The States of Arabs and the Great Men of Islam, A long poem about the History of Islam.
* Poetic Stories for Children, inspired by the famous French fabulist Jean de La Fontaine.

===Prose===
He also wrote chapters of prose, collected under the title ''The Markets of Gold''.

==Criticism==
Ahmed Shawqi is considered as a "greatest" poet within the Arabic Neoclassicist movement by scholars.<ref name="Allen">((cite encyclopedia |surname=Allen |given=R.M.A. |authorlink=Roger Allen (translator) |editor-surname=Greene |editor-given=Roland |editor-link=Roland Greene |display-editors=etal |entry=Arabic poetry |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics |edition=4th rev. |year=2012 |page=69 |entry-url=((Google books|id=uKiC6IeFR2UC|plainurl=y|page=69|keywords=|text=)) |url=((Google books|id=uKiC6IeFR2UC|plainurl=y)) |place=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-15491-6))</ref>

Shawqi's work was a part of some of the [[Nahda|Nahda's]] main literary and cultural debates, in which tradition, authenticity, and formality were positioned against experimentation, vulgarity, and Westernization.<ref name=":1">((Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49851843 |title=Interpreting the self : autobiography in the Arabic literary tradition |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |others=Dwight Fletcher Reynolds, Kristen Brustad |isbn=978-0-520-92611-0 |location=Berkeley |oclc=49851843))</ref>((Rp|page=|pages=249–251))Shawqi faced sharp criticism from writers such as [[Muhammad al-Muwaylihi]], who saw Shawqi's innovative work, particularly after the publication of ''[[ash-Shawqiyat]],'' as heretical, boastful, vulgar, Westernized, and unworthy of the proud tradition of classical Arabic poetry.<ref name=":1" />((Rp|page=|pages=249–251))

==Legacy==
Karmat Ibn Hani', Ahmed Shawqi's home in Giza, was converted into the [[Ahmed Shawki Museum]] on 17 June 1977.<ref name="Museums">((cite web |title=Ahmed Shawqi |url=http://www.egyptianmuseums.net/html/ahmed_shawqi.html |website=EgyptianMuseums |access-date=19 April 2020))</ref>

Shawqi's work is regularly celebrated at the [[El Sawy Culture Wheel]], a [[cultural center]] in [[Cairo]].

The [[web search engine]] company [[Google]] uploaded a [[Google Doodle]], a limited-time variant of their logo, to memorialize Shawqi in advance of what would have been his 142nd birthday on 16 October 2010.<ref name="ArabLit">((cite web |title=Google Doodle Celebrates 'Prince of Poets' Ahmed Shawky |url=https://arablit.org/2010/10/17/google-doodle-celebrates-prince-of-poets-ahmed-shawky/ |website=ArabLit |publisher=ArabLit Quarterly |access-date=19 April 2020))</ref> The art featured a quote from Shawqi's poetry in place of the "oo" in the Google logo, which in English translates to:

<blockquote>My homeland is always in my mind even if I were in paradise.<ref name="ArabLit"/></blockquote>

There are two roads named for Ahmed Shawqi in Giza: Ahmed Shawqi Street, where the Ahmed Shawqi Museum is located;<ref name="Boghiguian">((cite web |last1=Boghiguian |first1=Anna |title=Ahmed Shawki Museum |url=https://www.bidoun.org/articles/ahmed-shawki-museum |website=Bidoun |access-date=19 April 2020))</ref> and Ahmed Shawqi Corridor.<ref name="Alsobky">((cite journal |last1=Alsobky |first1=Alsayed |last2=Hrkút |first2=Patrik |last3=Mikušová |first3=Miroslava |title=A Smart Application for University Bus Routes Optimization |journal=Intelligent Transport Systems - from Research and Development to the Market Uptake |date=November 2017 |page=16 |isbn=9780761850489 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8_j8PU9bw8C&q=Ahmed+Shawqi+Road&pg=PA87 |access-date=19 April 2020))</ref> A number of statues have been created in the likeness of Shawqi, including one on Dokki Street in Giza and another at the [[Villa Borghese]] in [[Rome]].

Shawqi's granddaughter [[Ikbal El-Alailly]] was a central figure in Egypt's surrealist poetry movement.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Rosemont|first=Penelope|date=2001|title=Dada & Surrealism|journal=Woman's Art Journal|volume=22|issue=2|pages=60|doi=10.2307/1358944|issn=0270-7993|jstor=1358944))</ref><ref name="Rosemont">((cite book |last1=Rosemont |first1=Penelope |title=Surrealist Women |date=1998 |publisher=The Athlone Press |location=London |isbn=0485300885 |page=192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMIru5bweYgC&q=Ikbal+El-Alailly&pg=PA192 |access-date=19 April 2020))</ref> His other granddaughter [[Khadiga Riad]] was an abstract, surrealist painter.<ref>((Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1JpxAAAAMAAJ |title=Aujourd'hui l'Egypte, Issue 1, 3-4 |date=1986 |publisher=Organisme générale de l'information |pages=122 |language=fr))</ref> An Egyptian postage stamp was issued in honour of Shawqi on 14 October 1957 to commemorate 25 years since his death.<ref name="Stamp">((cite web |title=10m stamp of 1957 (#38266) |url=http://stampdata.com/stamp.php?id=38266 |website=StampData |access-date=19 April 2020))</ref> Many books have been written on the life of Ahmed Shawqi.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.bibalex.org/libraries/presentation/static/Shawki.pdf |title=Biblotica Alexandrina List of Books about Ahmed Shawki (in Arabic) |access-date=2012-12-20))</ref>

==References==
((reflist))

== Further reading ==
*''Glimpses of Ahmed Shawqi’s Life and Works'', ''Egypt Magazine'', Issue No. 19-Fall 1999.

==External links==
((Commons category|Ahmed Shawqi))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090603004019/http://www.ashawkymuseum.gov.eg/ Ahmed Shawqi Museum in Cairo]. ((in lang|ar))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060604004801/http://www.romabeniculturali.it/villeparchi/28/408/409/485/album.asp Monument to Shawqi in Villa Borghese, Rome].

((Egyptian writers))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Shawqi, Ahmed))
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:Egyptian expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Egyptian expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:20th-century Egyptian poets]]
[[Category:Egyptian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Linguists from Egypt]]
[[Category:Egyptian translators]]
[[Category:Egyptian people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Egyptian people of Circassian descent]]
[[Category:Egyptian people of Kurdish descent]]
[[Category:Egyptian people of Turkish descent]]
[[Category:Egyptian pashas]]
[[Category:Egyptian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century male writers]]
[[Category:People from the Khedivate of Egypt]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]

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