Air Canada Flight 189

CF-TLV, the aircraft involved in the crash, in 1969
Accident
Date	June 26, 1978
Summary	Mechanical failure followed by pilot error
Site	Etobicoke Creek near Toronto International Airport, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 43°39′35″N 79°37′32″W / 43.65972°N 79.62556°W / 43.65972; -79.62556
Aircraft
Aircraft type	McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32
Operator	Air Canada
Registration	CF-TLV
Flight origin	Toronto International Airport
Destination	Winnipeg International Airport
Occupants	107
Passengers	102
Crew	5
Fatalities	2
Injuries	105[1]
Survivors	105

Air Canada Flight 189 was an Air Canada flight from Ottawa to Vancouver via Toronto and Winnipeg. On June 26, 1978, the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 operating the flight crashed on takeoff in Toronto, killing two passengers.

Aircraft

The aircraft involved was a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 32 series, powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT8D engines and delivered new to Air Canada in April 1968.^[2] At the time of the incident the aircraft had accumulated 25,476 hours of flight time.^[3] The aircraft was registered CF-TLV and was the 289th DC-9 built at the Long Beach assembly plant.^[2] The 32 series was a stretched version of the DC-9 that was 15 feet (4.6 m) longer than the original series 10.^[4]

Crash

During takeoff, at 8:15 a.m., one of the McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32's tires burst and partially disintegrated, firing chunks of rubber into the landing gear mechanism.^[1] This set off an "unsafe gear" warning, prompting the pilot to abort the takeoff.^[5] The aircraft, however, was already two-thirds along the length of runway 23L and travelling at 154 knots (285 km/h).^[6] It could not stop before the end of the runway, and plunged off the edge of an embankment while still travelling at 60 knots (110 km/h), coming to a rest in the Etobicoke Creek ravine.^[7] The plane broke into three pieces, but despite its full load of fuel did not catch fire.^[6] The accident was visible from Highway 401, which runs alongside the south side of the airport.

The plane was destroyed. Two passengers were killed. Both were seated at the site of the forward split in the fuselage. All of the other 105 passengers and crew aboard were injured.

Investigation

The subsequent investigation found multiple causes of the accident. It recommended greater scrutiny be given to the tires.^[5] The pilot, Reginald W. Stewart, delayed four seconds after the warning light came on before he chose to abort the takeoff; a more immediate decision would have prevented the accident.^[6] The investigators also criticized the level of training in emergency braking.^[6] The presence of the ravine at the end of the runway was also questioned, but nothing was done about it.^[7] This failure to expand the airport's overshoot zone was raised when Air France Flight 358 plunged into the same ravine 27 years later.^[8]

Aftermath

Although it is customary for some airlines to retire a flight number after a major incident,^[9] Air Canada continued to use Flight 189 for its Ottawa-Vancouver route for several years.^[10] As of 2018, the flight number is no longer active on Air Canada's timetable.