The World Health Organization guidelines were most recently updated in 2021.[1] The guidelines offer guidance about these air pollutants: particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO).[2] The WHO first released the air quality guidelines in 1987, then updated them in 1997.[2] The reports provide guidelines intending to give guidelines to reduce the health effects of air pollution.[2]

The guidelines stipulate that PM2.5 should not exceed 5 μg/m3 annual mean, or 15 μg/m3 24-hour mean; and that PM10 should not exceed 15 μg/m3 annual mean, or 45 μg/m3 24-hour mean.[2] For ozone (O3), the guidelines suggest values no higher than 100 μg/m3 for an 8-hour mean and 60 μg/m3 peak season mean.[2] For nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the guidelines set 10 μg/m3 for the annual mean or 25 μg/m3 for a 24-hours mean.[2] For sulfur dioxide (SO2), the guidelines stipulate concentrations not exceeding 40 μg/m3 24-hour mean.[2] For carbon monoxide concentrations not exceeding 4 mg/m3 24-hour mean.[2]

Up to 30 % of Europeans living in cities are exposed to air pollutant levels exceeding EU air quality standards. Around 98 % of Europeans living in cities are exposed to levels of air pollutants deemed damaging to health by the World Health Organization's more stringent guidelines even before they were adjusted to latest scientific data to be mostly more stringent.[3]

In terms of health effects, the guideline states that PM2.5 concentration of 10 is the lowest level at which total, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality have been shown to increase with more than 95% confidence in response to long-term exposure to PM2.5.[2]

Along with cardiopulmonary and lung cancer deaths, the chances of which an individual increases their risk of being diagnosed with these is highly coordinated to fine particulate matter and sulfur dioxide-related pollution. A 2002 study found that "Each 10 μg/m3 elevation in fine particulate air pollution was associated with approximately a 4%, 6% and 8% increased risk of all-cause, cardiopulmonary, and lung cancer mortality, respectively."[4] A 2021 study found that outdoor air pollution is associated with substantially increased mortality "even at low pollution levels below the current European and North American standards and WHO guideline values".[5][6] Shortly afterwards, on 22 September 2021, for the first time since 2005,[7] the WHO, after a systematic review of the accumulated evidence, adjusted their air quality guidelines whose adherence "could save millions of lives, protect against future diseases and help meet climate goals".[8][1]

On 4 April 2022 the WHO released their report based on the new guidelines. Pollutants for which new guidelines for annual mean have been set are PM2.5, with guideline value half the previous one, PM10, which is decreased by 25%, and that for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which is four times lower than the previous guideline.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines". www.who.int. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i World Health Organization (2021). WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. World Health Organization. p. 273. hdl:10665/345334. ISBN 9789240034433.
  3. ^ "Air pollution exposure in cities". European Environment Agency. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  4. ^ Pope, C. Arden; Burnett, Richard T.; Thun, Michael J. (March 6, 2002). "Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution". JAMA. 287 (9): 1132–1141. doi:10.1001/jama.287.9.1132. PMC 4037163. PMID 11879110. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  5. ^ "Human health may be at risk from long-term exposure to air pollution below current air quality standards and guidelines". British Medical Journal. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  6. ^ Strak, Maciej; Weinmayr, Gudrun; Rodopoulou, Sophia; Chen, Jie; Hoogh, Kees de; Andersen, Zorana J.; Atkinson, Richard; Bauwelinck, Mariska; Bekkevold, Terese; Bellander, Tom; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Brandt, Jørgen; Cesaroni, Giulia; Concin, Hans; Fecht, Daniela; Forastiere, Francesco; Gulliver, John; Hertel, Ole; Hoffmann, Barbara; Hvidtfeldt, Ulla Arthur; Janssen, Nicole A. H.; Jöckel, Karl-Heinz; Jørgensen, Jeanette T.; Ketzel, Matthias; Klompmaker, Jochem O.; Lager, Anton; Leander, Karin; Liu, Shuo; Ljungman, Petter; Magnusson, Patrik K. E.; Mehta, Amar J.; Nagel, Gabriele; Oftedal, Bente; Pershagen, Göran; Peters, Annette; Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole; Renzi, Matteo; Rizzuto, Debora; Schouw, Yvonne T. van der; Schramm, Sara; Severi, Gianluca; Sigsgaard, Torben; Sørensen, Mette; Stafoggia, Massimo; Tjønneland, Anne; Verschuren, W. M. Monique; Vienneau, Danielle; Wolf, Kathrin; Katsouyanni, Klea; Brunekreef, Bert; Hoek, Gerard; Samoli, Evangelia (2 September 2021). "Long term exposure to low level air pollution and mortality in eight European cohorts within the ELAPSE project: pooled analysis". BMJ. 374: n1904. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1904. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 8409282. PMID 34470785.
  7. ^ Team, World Health Organization Occupational and Environmental Health (2006). "WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide : global update 2005 : summary of risk assessment" (in Arabic). hdl:10665/69477. ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Vaughan, Adam. "WHO calls for lower limits on air pollution to save millions of lives". New Scientist. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  9. ^ "Air quality database". www.who.int. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
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