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((Short description|French composer (1869–1937)))

((More citations needed|date=March 2011))
((Use dmy dates|date=March 2020))
<!-- please do not add an infobox, per [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Composers#Lead section]]-->
[[File:Roussel Albert 1913.jpg|thumb|200px|Albert Roussel]]

'''Albert Charles Paul Marie Roussel''' (((IPA-fr|albɛʁ ʃaʁl pɔl maʁi ʁusɛl)); 5 April 1869 – 23 August 1937) was a French [[composer]]. He spent seven years as a [[midshipman]], turned to music as an adult, and became one of the most prominent French composers of the [[interwar period]]. His early works were strongly influenced by the [[Impressionism in music|Impressionism]] of [[Claude Debussy|Debussy]] and [[Maurice Ravel|Ravel]], while he later turned toward [[Neoclassicism (music)|neoclassicism]].

== Biography ==
[[File:Albert Roussel.jpg|210px|thumb]]

Born in [[Tourcoing]] ([[Nord (French department)|Nord]]), Roussel's earliest interest was not in music but [[mathematics]]. He spent time in the French Navy, and in 1889 and 1890, he served on the crew of the [[frigate]] ''Iphigénie'' and spent several years in [[Cochinchina|southern Vietnam]].<ref name=obit /> These travels affected him artistically, as many of his musical works would reflect his interest in far-off, exotic places.

After resigning from the Navy in 1894, he began to study harmony in [[Roubaix]], first with [[Julien Koszul]] (grandfather of composer [[Henri Dutilleux]]), who encouraged him to pursue his formation in Paris with [[Eugène Gigout]]; Roussel then continued his studies until 1908 at the [[Schola Cantorum de Paris]], where one of his teachers was [[Vincent d'Indy]]. While studying, Roussel also taught. His students included [[Erik Satie]] and [[Edgard Varèse]]. (((See LMST|Albert|Roussel)))

During World War I, Roussel served as an ambulance driver on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. Following the war, he bought a summer house in [[Normandy]] and devoted most of his time there to composition.

Starting in 1923, another of Roussel's students was [[Bohuslav Martinů]], who dedicated his ''Serenade for Chamber Orchestra'' (1930) to Roussel.<ref>''New York Times'': [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07EFD8103FF93BA35751C0A9619C8B63& Bernard Holland, "What Do You Play in the Evening? Serenades. Moonlight Becomes Them," 8 February 2007], accessed 23 March 2011</ref> French composer and musicologist [[Yvonne Rokseth]] also studied with Roussel.<ref>((Cite book |last=Wier |first=Albert E. |title=The Macmillan Encyclopedia of Music and Musicians |publisher=The Macmillan Company |year=1938 |location=New York |publication-date=1938 |pages=1568))</ref>

His sixtieth birthday was marked by a series of three concerts of his works in Paris; the  concerts also included the performance of a collection of piano pieces, ''Homage to Albert Roussel'', written by several composers, including [[Jacques Ibert|Ibert]], [[Francis Poulenc|Poulenc]], and [[Arthur Honegger|Honegger]].<ref name=obit /><ref name=prune />

Roussel died in [[Royan]], in 1937, and was buried in the [[churchyard]] of Saint Valery in [[Varengeville-sur-Mer]].

== Compositions ==
((Unreferenced section|date=May 2021))
By temperament Roussel was predominantly a [[classicism|classicist]]. While his early work was strongly influenced by [[Impressionism in music|Impressionism]], he eventually arrived at a personal style which was more formal in design, with a strong rhythmic drive, and with a more distinct affinity for [[functional tonality]] than is found in the work of his more famous contemporaries Debussy, Ravel, [[Erik Satie|Satie]], and [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]].

Roussel's training at the Schola Cantorum, with its emphasis on rigorous academic models such as [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrina]] and [[Bach]], left its mark on his mature style, which is characterized by contrapuntal textures. On the whole Roussel's [[orchestration]] is rather heavy compared to the subtle and nuanced style of other French composers like Debussy or, indeed, [[Gabriel Fauré]]. He preserved something of the romantic aesthetic in his orchestral works, and this sets him apart from Stravinsky and [[Les Six]].

He was also interested in [[jazz]]. This interest led to his writing a piano-vocal composition entitled ''Jazz dans la nuit'', which was similar in its inspiration to other jazz-inspired works such as the second movement of Ravel's ''Violin Sonata'', or Milhaud's ''[[La création du monde]]''.

Roussel's most important works were the ballets ''[[The Spider's Feast|Le festin de l'araignée]]'', ''[[Bacchus and Ariadne (ballet)|Bacchus et Ariane]]'', and ''[[Aeneas (ballet)|Aeneas]]'' and the four [[symphony|symphonies]], of which the ''Third'' in G minor, and the ''Fourth'' in A major, are highly regarded and epitomize his mature neoclassical style. His other works include numerous ballets, orchestral [[suite (music)|suite]]s, a [[piano concerto]], a [[concertino (composition)|concertino]] for cello and orchestra, a psalm setting for chorus and orchestra, [[incidental music]] for the theatre, and much [[chamber music]], solo piano music, and songs.

== Critical reception ==
In 1929, one French critic, [[Henry Prunières]], described Roussel's search for his own voice:<ref name=prune />

((blockquote|Albert Roussel for a long period sought his true self among varied and contradictory influences. He seemed to waver between the tendencies of César Franck and Vincent d'Indy and those of Claude Debussy. The violin sonata, the trio, the ''Poème de la Forêt'' derived more or less directly from the Franckian school, the ''Festin de l'Araignée'' and the ''Evocations'' from Debussyan Impressionism; and yet the hand of Albert Roussel alone could have written this music, at once so subtle and so firmly fixed in its design... With ''Padmâvatî'', the new Roussel begins to realize his possibilities and his individual technique... Then came works of perfect homogeneity and notable originality. The composer no longer is seeking his way – he has found it. The ''Prélude pour une Fête de Printemps'', the suite in F, the concerto, and finally the ''Psalm No. 80'' are the masterpieces which mark the last stage of this great artist.))

[[Arturo Toscanini]] included the suite from the ballet ''Le festin de l'araignée'' in one of his broadcast concerts with the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]]. [[Rene Leibowitz]] recorded that suite in 1952 with the Paris Philharmonic, and [[Georges Prêtre]] recorded it with the ''Orchestre National de France'' for EMI in 1984.

One brief assessment of his career says:<ref>David Dubal, ''The Essential Canon of Classical Music'' (NY: North Point Press, 2001), 442</ref>

((blockquote|Roussel will never attain the popularity of Debussy or Ravel, as his work lacks sensuous appeal....yet he was an important and compelling French composer. Upon repeated listening, his music becomes more and more intriguing because of its subtle rhythmic vitality. He can be alternately brilliant, astringent, tender, biting, dry, and humorous. His splendid Suite for Piano (Op. 14, 1911) shows his mastery of old dance forms. The ballet scores ''Le Festin de l'araignée'' (''The Spider's Feast'' Op. 17, 1913) and ''Bacchus et Ariane'' (Op. 43, 1931) are vibrant and pictorial, while the Third and Fourth Symphonies are among the finest contributions to the French symphony.))

One 21st-century critic, in the course of discussing the Third Symphony, wrote:<ref name=holland>''New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/arts/music/11tang.html? Bernard Holland, "The Boston Symphony Reunites With Friends at Tanglewood ," 11 July 2006], accessed 23 March 2011</ref>

((blockquote|For the general public, Roussel remains almost famous, his work just beyond the pool of repertory universally drawn from. His music, said another way, walks the line between the memorable and the impossible to forget. The writing sets unrelated keys against one another but eventually seeks strong tonal centers; in other words, it can bark and growl but in the end wags its tail. The Vivace movement is a carnival of exuberant energies. Roussel was more than just an anti-19th-century dissident.))

== The Albert Roussel Collection ==
The association ''Les Amis belges d'Albert Roussel'' (The Belgian Friends of Albert Roussel) was founded in 1979 by [[André Peeters]]. In 1986 the association donated a collection of Roussel-linked documents to the [[Royal Library of Belgium#Music Division|Music Division of the Royal Library of Belgium]], thus creating the most important collection of archival sources on the composer outside of France. The collection contains many unique documents including a dozen musical manuscripts, autographs, around 250 letters (100 of them unpublished), a travel diary, recordings (including most of the early recordings of his compositions), iconography, a large collection of press clippings, programs and other documents linked to Roussel's works and life.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.kbr.be |title=Home • KBR |publisher=Kbr.be |date= |accessdate=2023-02-12))</ref>((Failed verification|date=March 2018))<!--This links to the front page of the Belgian Royal Library's website. There is nothing at all there about Roussel, the Amis belges, André Peeters, or the collection of Roussel documents.-->

==Works==
===Stage===
* ''((Ill|Le marchand de sable qui passe|fr))'' (''The Sandman''), incidental music for a verse play by Jean-Aubry, [[Le Havre]], 16 December 1908, Op. 13
* ''[[The Spider's Feast|Le festin de l'araignée]]'', ballet in one act. f.p.&nbsp;3 April 1913, Op. 17
* ''[[Padmâvatî]]'', opera in 2 acts (1913–18, Louis Laloy, after T.-M. Pavie). f.p. [[Palais Garnier|Paris Opéra]], 1 June 1923, Op. 18
* ''[[La naissance de la lyre]]'', opera in 1 act, [[Palais Garnier|Paris Opéra]], 1 July 1925, Op. 24
* ''Sarabande'' (1927; for the children's ballet ''[[L'éventail de Jeanne]]'', to which ten French composers each contributed a dance)
* ''[[Bacchus and Ariadne (ballet)]]'', ballet in two acts. f.p. [[Palais Garnier|Paris Opéra]], 22 May 1931, Op. 43
* ''[[Aeneas (Roussel)|Aeneas]]'', ballet for chorus and orchestra, Op. 54, 1935
* ''[[Le testament de la tante Caroline]]'', opera in 3 acts, 14 November 1936
* Prelude to Act 2 of ''Le Quatorze juillet'' by [[Romain Rolland]], Paris, 14 July 1936
* ''Elpénor'', for chamber ensemble, radio score, 1947, Op. 59 (LAST FINISHED OPUS – 1937)

===Orchestral===
* ''Résurrection'', Prelude for orchestra Op. 4 (1903)
* Symphony No. 1 in D minor ''The Poem of the Forest'', Op. 7 (1904–1906)
* ''Evocations'', for orchestra, mezzo-soprano, tenor, baritone and chorus, Op. 15 (1910–11)
* ''Padmâvatî Suites'' (Nº 1 & 2), Op. 18 (1918) 
* ''Pour une fête de printemps'', Op. 22, symphonic poem (1920)
* Symphony No. 2 in B-flat major, Op. 23 (1919–1921)
* Suite for Orchestra in F major, Op. 33 (1926)
* Concert for small orchestra, Op. 34 (1926–1927)
* ''Petite Suite'', Op. 39 (1929)
* Symphony No. 3 in G minor, Op. 42 (1929–30), commissioned by the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra|Boston Symphony]] for its 50th anniversary<ref name=holland />
* [[Sinfonietta (Roussel)|Sinfonietta for String Orchestra]], Op. 52 (1934)
* Symphony No. 4 in A major, Op. 53 (1934)
* ''Rapsodie flamande'', Op. 56 (1936)

===Concertante===
* Piano Concerto in G major, Op. 36 (1927)
* Cello Concertino, Op. 57 (1936)

===Choral===
* ''Psalm 80'' for tenor, choir, and orchestra, Op. 37 (1928)

===Solo vocal works===
* ''Quatre poèmes'', Op. 3 (1903)
* ''Quatre poèmes'', Op. 8 (1907)
* ''La Menace'', Op. 9 (1907–1908)
* ''Flammes'', Op. 10 (1908)
* ''Deux Poèmes chinois'', Op. 12 (1908)
* ''Deux Mélodies'', Op. 19 (1918)
* ''Deux Mélodies'', Op. 20 (1919)
* ''Deux Poèmes de Ronsard'', Op. 26 (1924)
* ''Odes anacréontiques'', Op. 31 (1926)
* ''Odes anacréontiques'', Op. 32 (1926)
* ''Deux poèmes chinois'', Op. 35 (1927)
* ''Vocalise'' (1927)
* ''Jazz dans la nuit'', Op. 38 (1928)
* ''Vocalise-étude'' (1928)
* ''A Flower Given to My Daughter'' (1931)
* ''Deux Idylles'', Op. 44 (1932)
* ''Deux Poèmes chinois'', Op. 47 (1932)
* ''Deux Mélodies'', Op. 50 (1934)
* ''Deux Mélodies'', Op. 55 (1935)

=== Chamber/instrumental===
* Piano Trio in E-flat, Op. 2 (1902, rev. 1927)
* Divertissement for piano and wind quintet, Op. 6 (1906)
* Violin Sonata No. 1 in D minor, Op. 11 (1907–1908)
* Impromptu, for harp, Op. 21 (1919)
* ''[[Joueurs de Flûte|Joueurs de flûte]]'', for flute and piano, Op. 27 (1924)
* Violin Sonata No. 2 in A major, Op. 28 (1924)
* ''Segovia'', for guitar, Op. 29 (1925)
* Duo, for bassoon and contrabass, without opus (1925)
* Serenade for flute, string trio, and harp, Op. 30 (1925)
* Trio, for flute, viola, and cello, Op. 40 (1929)
* String Quartet, Op. 45 (1931–1932)
* Andante and Scherzo, for flute and piano, Op. 51 (1934)
* ''Pipe'', for piccolo & piano, without opus (1934)
* String Trio, Op. 58 (1937)
* Andante from an unfinished wind trio, for oboe, clarinet, and bassoon (1937)

===Piano solo===
* ''Des heures passent'', Op. 1 (1898)
* ''Conte à la poupée'' (1904)
* ''Rustiques'', Op. 5 (1906)
* Suite in F-sharp minor, Op. 14 (1910)
* ''Petite canon perpetuel'' (1913)
* Sonatine, Op. 16 (1914)
* ''Doute'' (1919)
* ''L'Accueil des Muses'' [in memoriam Debussy] (1920)
* Prelude and Fugue, Op. 46 (1932)
* Three Pieces, Op. 49 (1933)

==Recordings==
* Symphonies 1–4 – Orchestre National de France/[[Charles Dutoit]] (Apex – [[Erato Records]])
* Symphonies 1–4 – [[Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France]]/[[Marek Janowski]] ([[RCA Red Seal Records|RCA Victor Red Seal]])
* Symphonies 1–4 and ''Ariadne et Bacchus'' – [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]]/[[Stéphane Denève]] ([[Naxos Records]])
* Symphony No. 3 – [[New York Philharmonic]]/[[Leonard Bernstein]] ([[Sony Classical]])
* Symphony No. 4 – [[Philharmonia Orchestra]]/[[Herbert von Karajan]] ([[EMI]])
* Symphony No. 2, ''Aeneas'', ''Bacchus'', ''Spider's Feast'' – ORTF/[[Jean Martinon]] (Erato)
* Symphonies Nos. 3 & 4 – [[Paris Conservatoire Orchestra]]/[[André Cluytens]] ([[Angel Records]])
* ''Padmavati'' (opera) – London Symphony Orchestra/Jean Martinon (BBC)
* ''Padmavati'' – [[Marilyn Horne]], [[Nicolai Gedda]], [[Michel Plasson]] conducting (EMI)
* ''Complete Chamber Music'' – Members of the Schönberg Quartet, 3 CDs (Brilliant Classics)
* ''Intégrale de l'œuvre pour piano'' – Alain Raës
* ''Les Mélodies'' – ''Complete Solo Vocal Works'' ([[Marie Devellereau]], soprano/[[Yann Beuron]], tenor/Laurent Naouri, piano/[[Billy Eidi]], piano/Luxembourg Philharmonic Orchestra/cond. Jean-Yves Ossonce)
* Trio for Flute, Viola and Cello, Op 40 (Boston Records B-208) Doriot Anthony Dwyer, Flute, Joseph de Pasquale, Viola, Samuel Mayes, Cello

==See also==
* [[Festival international Albert-Roussel]]
* [[List of ambulance drivers during World War I]]
* [[Marcel Gaumont]] Sculptor on composer's tomb

==Notes==
((Reflist|refs = 
<ref name=obit>''New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1937/08/25/archives/albert-roussel68-composer-is-dead-french-musician-reached-the.html "Albert Roussel, 68, French Composer, is Dead," 25 August 1937], accessed 23 March 2011</ref>
<ref name=prune>''New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1929/05/26/archives/a-roussel-festival-paris-honors-composer-on-his-sixtieth.html Henry Prunieres, "A Roussell Festival," 26 May 1929], accessed 23 March 2011</ref>
))

==References and further reading==
* Nicolas Slonimsky, ed., ''The Concise Edition of Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians'', 8th ed. (NY: Schirmer Books, 19930, ((ISBN|0-02-872416-X))
* Damien Top, ''Albert Roussel 1869–1937, un marin musicien'' (Paris: Séguier, 2000)
* Damien Top, "Albert Roussel", collection Horizons, (Paris: Bleu Nuit, 2016) 
* Henry Doskey, ''The Piano Music of Albert Roussel'' (Indiana University, 1981)
* Basil Deane, ''Albert Roussel'' (London: Barrie & Rockliff, 1962; Greenwood Press Reprint, 1980)
* Norman Demuth, ''Albert Roussel: A Study'' (United Music Publishers, 1946. Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, 1979)

==External links==
*((IMSLP|id=Roussel, Albert|cname=Albert Roussel))

((Albert Roussel))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Roussel, Albert))
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:19th-century French composers]]
[[Category:19th-century French male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:20th-century French composers]]
[[Category:20th-century French male musicians]]
[[Category:Concert band composers]]
[[Category:French ballet composers]]
[[Category:French classical composers]]
[[Category:French opera composers]]
[[Category:Impressionist composers]]
[[Category:French male opera composers]]
[[Category:People from Tourcoing]]
[[Category:Pupils of Eugène Gigout]]
[[Category:Pupils of Vincent d'Indy]]
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