Les victimes de l'alcoolisme(English: Alcohol and its victims) is a 1902 French short drama film directed by Ferdinand Zecca, inspired by the 1877 naturalist novel L'Assommoir by Emile Zola. It is the first film inspired by this novel and one of first films aimed at fulfilling an objective of general social interest, in this case the fight against alcoholism.[1]
Plot
The film is composed of five scenes introduced by intertitles:
1. Interior of the happy and prosperous worker household
A working-class family is living happily in a simple but comfortable house, a women, her mother and two children do their daily tasks and when the man of the house comes home, they all have dinner together.
2. The first step to the wine merchant
The husband meets in the street some friends who invite him to go and have a drink in a café.
3. The ravages of alcohol. His wife picks him up at the cabaret
In the café, the man drinks and plays dice with his friends. His wife comes with their children and insists that he must come home. He brutally pushes her away.
4. In the attic. Misery.
The family is now living in a dilapidated attic. When the man arrives, he has a fit of delirium tremens wiggling on the floor.
5. The madhouse. Delirium tremens
The man is locked in a padded cell, with a straitjacket. A raving maniac, he tears it apart, and dances wildly around the room before collapsing and remaining motionless.
Analysis
The five scenes are each composed of one single wide shot taken by a static camera in front of theatre-like sets. The intertitles introducing each of the scene use black letters on a light background. There is a jump cut in scene 4, the man appearing suddenly wiggling on the floor. This may be due to a lost fragment. This is the first film by Pathé Frères including intertitles and one of the first in the world.[2]
Les victimes de l'alcoolisme is the first known cinematic adaptation of a novel by Emile Zola. The book on which it is based, L'Assommoir, would be the subject of a further three French cinematographic adaptations before the outbreak of World War I, L'Assommoir in 1909, Les Victimes de l'alcool (English: In the Grip of Alcohol/Victims of Alcoholism) in 1911 and Le Poison de l'humanité (English: An Accursed Inheritance) in 1912. In America, a further adaptation would be directed by D.W. Griffith in 1909, The Drunkard's reformation.[3]
This film has been singled out as enjoying the status of historical originality. "Described by French film historian Georges Sadoul as a pantomime the Zola/Zecca narrative of the decline of a working class family due to the effects of chronic alcoholism and encroaching poverty has remained one of the most popular of all the naturalist texts to be adapted into film."[4]
This film is also one of the first example of cinema seen not only as entertainment, but as a media carrying a socially useful message. Dwight Vick notes that "Les victimes de l'alcoolisme was the first attempt by the newly formed Pathé Company to exploit the burgeoning demand for anti-alcohol and anti-absinthe propaganda."[5]
Pathé itself emphasised this objective in its presentation of the film, which referred to the success of History of a Crime in 1901: "Encouraged by this first success, we are now presenting to our customers a play that is even more dramatic than the previous one, more interesting and above all much more moral, because it touches on a social plague that is becoming more and more pervasive by the day, we have named Alcoholism (...) we are convinced that by publishing this scene we will help the many anti-alcoholic and temperance societies who think, like us, that in order to fight this evil that is decimating humanity, example prevails over all laws. Is not the cinematograph above all the distraction and relaxation of the humble and the worker? Therefore, nothing better than the Cinematograph could help to demonstrate the ravages caused by alcoholism. Consequently, we are certain to achieve a twofold goal, firstly to interest our customers and secondly to help stop, as far as possible, this terrible evil (...)"[6]
References
^Review and link to watch the film: "A cinema history". Retrieved 27 July 2020.
^Abel, Richard (December 1993). "In the Belly of the Beast: The Early Years of Pathé-Frères, Film History". Institutional Histories. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 5 (4): 363–385.
^Williams, Kate (2009). Emile Zola and the Artistry of Adaptation. Oxford, England: Routledge. ISBN9781906540272.
^Gural-Migdal, Anna; Singer, Robert (2005). Zola and Film: Essays in the Art of Adaptation. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN978-0786421152.
