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((Short description|Soap of olive and laurel oil from Aleppo))
[[File:Aleppo soap 01.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Aleppo soap]]
'''Aleppo soap''' (also known as '''savon d'Alep''', '''laurel soap''', '''Syrian soap''', or '''ghar soap''', the Arabic word ((Lang|ar|غَار)), meaning 'laurel') is a handmade, [[Hard soap|hard bar soap]] associated with the city of [[Aleppo]], [[Syria]]. Aleppo soap is classified as a [[Castile soap]] as it is a hard soap made from [[olive oil]] and [[lye]], from which it is distinguished by the inclusion of [[Laurus nobilis|laurel oil]].

==History==
The origin of Aleppo soap is unknown. Unverified claims of its great antiquity abound,<ref name="botanicalgarden"/><ref name="naturalcosmeticnews1"/> such as its supposed use by [[Queen Cleopatra]] of Egypt and [[Queen Zenobia]] of Syria.<ref name=guiliani/> Although it has been claimed that soap-making was introduced to the West from the [[Levant]] after the First Crusades, in fact, soap was known to the Romans in the first century AD and [[Zosimos of Panopolis]] described soap and soapmaking in ((Circa|300 AD)).<ref name="partington" />

Today most Aleppo soap, especially that containing more than 16% of laurel oil, is exported to Europe and East Asia.<ref name="reuters1"/>

== Manufacturing process ==
((More citations needed section|date=November 2022))

[[File:Aleppo soap - vat.jpg|thumb|250px|Soap in a vat]]

Traditional Aleppo soap is made by the "[[Soap#Hot processes|hot process]]". First, the olive oil is brought into a large, in-ground vat along with water and lye. Underneath the vat, there is an underground fire that heats the contents to a boil. Boiling lasts three days while the oil reacts with the lye and water to become a thick liquid soap.

[[File:Aleppo soap 02.jpg|thumb|250px|Soap cooling]]

The [[Laurus nobilis|laurel]] oil is added at the end of the process, and after it is mixed in, the mix is taken from the vat and poured over a large sheet of waxed paper on the floor of the factory. At this point, the soap is a large, green, flat mass, and it is allowed to cool down and harden for about a day. While the soap is cooling, workers with planks of wood strapped to their feet walk over the soap to try to smooth out the batch and make it an even thickness.

[[File:Aleppo soap 03.jpg|thumb|250px|Final result]]

The soap is then cut into cubes. The cubes of soap are stacked in staggered cylinders to allow maximum air exposure. Once they have dried sufficiently, they are put into a special subterranean chamber to be aged for six months to a year. While it is aging, the soap goes through several chemical changes. The free alkaline content of the soap (the alkaline which did not react with the oil during [[saponification]]) breaks down upon slow reaction with air. The moisture content of the soap is also reduced, making the soap hard and long-lasting. And lastly, the color of the outside of the soap turns pale gold, while the inside remains green.

Modern Aleppo soaps are manufactured using a "[[Soap#Cold process|cold process]]" and contain olive and laurel oils, and may contain a variety of [[herb]]s and/or [[essential oil]]s.

== Ingredients ==
Aleppo soap is made with olive oil, the oil of the laurel berry (''zeit ghar''), water, and [[lye]]; the concentration of laurel oil, typically 2–20%, determines the quality and cost of the soap.((Citation needed|date=October 2017)) Aleppo soap is [[Biodegradation|biodegradable]].<ref name="taylor_francis" />

In the 20th century, with the introduction of cold process soap making, soap artisans from Aleppo began introducing a variety of herbs and essential oils to their soaps.

Unlike most soaps, some Aleppo soap will float in water.((Citation needed|date=January 2017))

== Skin care properties ==
Aleppo soap can be used daily as soap for washing and shampooing, as face mask, as shaving cream, and for bathing infants and babies.<ref name=pmid18429773/> Laurel oil is an effective cleanser, with some antimicrobial,<ref name="pmid21678158" /> antifungal<ref name="pmid15478207" /> and anti-itching properties.

==See also==
* [[Azul e branco soap]]
* [[Castile soap]]
* [[Marseille soap]]
* [[Nabulsi soap]]
* [[Vegan soap]]
*[[African black soap]]

==References==
((reflist|refs=

<ref name="botanicalgarden">((cite web |last=Mosquin |first=Daniel |url=http://www.botanicalgarden.ubc.ca/potd/2008/03/laurus_nobilis.php |title=Laurus nobilis - Botany Photo of the Day |publisher=Botanicalgarden.ubc.ca |date=2008-03-26 |access-date=2012-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402231508/http://www.botanicalgarden.ubc.ca/potd/2008/03/laurus_nobilis.php |archive-date=2012-04-02 ))</ref>

<ref name=guiliani>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCTqOA2XebcC |title=Developing Markets for Agrobiodiversity: Securing Livelihoods in Dryland Areas |first=Alessandra|last=Giuliani |publisher=Earthscan |location=London|isbn=9781849770972|date=2007))</ref>

<ref name=partington>((cite book |page=307|title=A history of Greek fire and gunpowder|year=1960|last1=Partington |first1=James R|publisher=JHU Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNZBSqd2cToC&pg=PA307|isbn=9780801859540))</ref>

<ref name="naturalcosmeticnews1">((cite web |url=http://www.naturalcosmeticnews.com/new-products/aleppo-soap-the-true-natural-soap/ |title=Aleppo Soap, The True Natural Soap |publisher=Natural Cosmetic News |access-date=2012-07-09 |archive-date=2012-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902121425/http://www.naturalcosmeticnews.com/new-products/aleppo-soap-the-true-natural-soap/ |url-status=dead ))</ref>

<ref name=pmid18429773>((cite journal |pages=174–8 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00627.x |title=The Effect of Daily Treatment with an Olive Oil/Lanolin Emollient on Skin Integrity in Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial |year=2008 |last1=Kiechl-Kohlendorfer |first1=Ursula |last2=Berger |first2=Cindy |last3=Inzinger |first3=Romy |journal=Pediatric Dermatology |volume=25 |issue=2 |pmid=18429773|s2cid=19920016 ))</ref>

<ref name=pmid21678158>((cite journal |pages=1295–303 |doi=10.1080/14786419.2010.502532 |title=Antimicrobial sesquiterpenoids from Laurus nobilis L. |year=2011 |last1=Fukuyama |first1=Noriaki |last2=Ino |first2=Chieko |last3=Suzuki |first3=Yumiko |last4=Kobayashi |first4=Noritada |last5=Hamamoto |first5=Hiroshi |last6=Sekimizu |first6=Kazuhisa |last7=Orihara |first7=Yutaka |journal=[[Natural Product Research]] |volume=25 |issue=14 |pmid=21678158|s2cid=20697261 ))</ref>

<ref name=pmid15478207>((cite journal |pages=713–7 |doi=10.1002/ptr.1516 |title=The chemical composition of some Lauraceae essential oils and their antifungal activities |year=2004 |last1=Simić |first1=A. |last2=Soković |first2=M. D. |last3=Ristić |first3=M. |last4=Grujić-Jovanović |first4=S. |last5=Vukojević |first5=J. |last6=Marin |first6=P. D. |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=18 |issue=9 |pmid=15478207|s2cid=8172910 ))</ref>

<ref name="reuters1">((cite news|last=Yacoub |first=Khaled |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-soap-idUSTRE69L1ID20101022 |title=Modern threat to Syria's ancient Aleppo soap industry |work=Reuters |date=2010-10-22 |access-date=2012-07-09))</ref>

<ref name=taylor_francis>((cite journal |page=21|title=Biodegradation of Natural Oils in Seawater|journal=Energy Sources|volume=27|issue=1–2|year=2003|last1=Al-Darbi |first1=M.M.|last2=Saeed |first2=N.O.|last3=Islam |first3=M.R.|last4=Lee|first4=K.|url=http://www.envismadrasuniv.org/pdf/natural%20oil.pdf|doi=10.1080/00908310490448073|citeseerx=10.1.1.497.4049|s2cid=7615677))</ref>
))

==Bibliography==
*((cite book |page=2 |author=Cynthia Zaferatos |title=EUROMED Sustainable Connections Policy Analysis |section=The History Of Olive Oil |date=2008 |section-url=http://faculty.wwu.edu/zaferan/Ithaca%20Curriculum/agriculture/Sustainable%20Agriculture%20-%20Olive%20Oil.pdf |publisher=Anna Lindh Foundation |via=Western Washington University |access-date=2011-10-01 |archive-date=2012-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407050621/http://faculty.wwu.edu/zaferan/Ithaca%20Curriculum/agriculture/Sustainable%20Agriculture%20-%20Olive%20Oil.pdf |url-status=dead ))
*((cite journal |doi=10.1186/1472-6882-6-12 |year=2006 |last1=Nayak |first1=Shivananda |last2=Nalabothu |first2=Poorna |last3=Sandiford |first3=Steve |last4=Bhogadi |first4=Vidyasagar |last5=Adogwa |first5=Andrew |journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=6 |page=12 |pmid=16597335 |title=Evaluation of wound healing activity of Allamanda cathartica. L. And Laurus nobilis. L. Extracts on rats |pmc=1456996 |doi-access=free ))

==External links==
((Commons category|Aleppo soap))
* Arthur, Golda. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22541698 Aleppo soap: War threatens an ancient tradition] ''[[BBC News]]'', 15 May 2013.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RhledfZqvew Video] of the making of Aleppo Soap, Insider 2019

[[Category:Soaps]]
[[Category:Aleppo]]

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