Alexander Small (1710 – 31 August 1794) was a Scottish surgeon and scholar, and a friend and frequent correspondent of Benjamin Franklin.

Biography

Early life

Dr. Alexander Small was born c. 1710 in Perthshire, Scotland,[1] the oldest son of Patrick Small of Leanoch and Magdalen Robertson of Straloch. Small and his father were members of the Smalls of Dirnanean.

Medical practitioner

Although it is not known where Alexander Small received his medical training, he served in the British army as a Field Assistance Surgeon (F.A.S).[2] By 1733 he was serving as a surgeon for the British Royal Artillery in Menorca.[3]

In 1736 Small arrived in London and began practising as a private surgeon.[2] His obituary indicates his arrival in London coincided with the celebratory arrival of Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha just prior to her marriage to Frederick, Prince of Wales.[2]

Scholarly pursuits

Around 1777 Dr. Small authored an essay on the importance to patient recovery and disease control of having good hospital ventilation.[4] Benjamin Franklin may have assisted in the editing of the paper.[4] The essay was eventually presented in Edinburgh and France.[5][6][7]

In 1783, an elderly Dr. Small was working with Charles Spalding on his designs for an improved diving bell, when Spalding drowned in the Irish Sea diving in a bell of his design.[8] Charles Spalding was married to Dr. Small's niece, Susan Small, the daughter of his brother James Small of Kinloch Rannoch.

Correspondence with Benjamin Franklin

Dr. Small and Benjamin Franklin were correspondents for at least thirty years, likely until Franklin's death. Franklin referred to them as "philosophers, who study and converse for the benefit of mankind."[9]: 254 

Alexander Small and Benjamin Franklin corresponded frequently, on topics as varied as agriculture, horticulture, apiculture, hospital ventilation, pickling sturgeon, new ways of uprooting trees, poor interest rates, and politics.[10]

At some point during their friendship, Dr. Small gifted a copy of the Iliad. Currently in the possession of the Library Company of Philadelphia, it is inscribed in Franklin's hand with the notation, "A Gift of Mr. Small, of London, Surgeon, to the Library."[11]

In one of their earliest known letters, a 12 May 1760 letter from Franklin to Small, Franklin addresses the formation of Northeast storms in North America.[12] In 1773 Small was elected to the American Philosophical Society, which was founded by Franklin. [13]

In a letter written on 22 July 1780, while Franklin was in Paris, Franklin reconciles himself to the fact that Dr. Small will not be accepting a dinner invitation because of his concern for appearance's sake of them dining together due their differing politics, then closes the letter with an update on his recurring battle with gout.[9] In lieu of dinner on this particular occasion, Franklin sent his grandson to pay his respects to the surgeon.[9]: 254 

By a 19 February 1789, Franklin's letter to Small deals with the elderly pairs ailments and Franklin's limited social outings.[9]: 65 

Family

Dr. Alexander Small's younger brothers were Major General John Small, later the Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey and James Small, Factor of forfeited Struan Estates in Perthshire. Small was also the first cousin of General John Reid, the last Baron Reid in Perthshire.

Small died at the age of 84 at Ware, Hertfordshire, England on 31 August 1794.[1] He is buried in the churchyard of St. John the Baptist Anglican Church, Great Amwell, Hertfordshire, England.

References

  1. ^ a b Urban, Sylvanus (1794). The Gentleman's Magazine, Volume 76. London, England. p. 864.
  2. ^ a b c The Scottish Register Or General View of History, Politics & Literature. Edinburgh, Scotland: C. Stewart and Co. 1795. p. 356. Retrieved 17 January 2013. July, August and September 1795
  3. ^ The Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society of London. London, England: C. and R. Baldwin. 1776–1780. p. 68. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  4. ^ a b Medical Bulletin. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1911. p. 437.
  5. ^ Finger, Stanley (2006). Doctor Franklin's Medicine. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 171–172. ISBN 9780812239133.
  6. ^ Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (Volume 2 ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: The Royal Society of Edinburgh. 1790. p. 28. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  7. ^ Medical Bulletin (Volume 2 ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. 1911. p. 439. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  8. ^ Earle, Peter (2006). Treasure Hunt: Shipwrecks, Diving and the Quest for Treasure in an Age of Heroes. Macmillan. p. 252. ISBN 9780312380397.
  9. ^ a b c d The Works of Benjamin Franklin (Volume 8 ed.). London, England: B. F. Stevens. 1882. p. 481.
  10. ^ Miller, Dana Joseph (1917). Single Tax Year Review. New York City: Single Tax Year Review Publishing Company. p. 324. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  11. ^ Brown, Stephen (30 November 2011). Edinburgh History of the Book in Scotland, Volume 2: Enlightenment and Expansion 1707-1800. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780748628964. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  12. ^ Franklin, Benjamin (1839). Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin (Vol. II ed.). New York City: Harper & Brothers. p. 254. Retrieved 17 January 2013. alexander small benjamin franklin.
  13. ^ "APS Member History".

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