.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (October 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 9,052 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert]]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template ((Translated|de|Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert)) to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert (31 January/12 February 1883, in Starodub – 17 January 1963, in West Berlin) was a German-Russian translator, publisher and gallery owner. She is particularly noted for her work as a translator of Leon Trotsky and her work on Die Aktion with her husband, Franz Pfemfert.

Youth

Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert was the fifth of nine children of an Orthodox Jewish family living in Starodub, approximately 400 kilometers southwest of Moscow. Her father, Gilel, was a business man while Serafima, her mother was a housewife. Starodub belonged to the Pale of Settlement for Jews who lived there almost in complete isolation from the rest of the population. Noema Ramm, her elder sister also became a translator under the name Nadja Strasser. After her older siblings rebelled against the religiously conservative attitude of the Father, it was possible for Alexandra to attend the local girls' high school. At the age of 18, after graduation, she left home arriving in Berlin in 1901.[1]

In Berlin

After moving to Berlin she was active in the local leftist circles. She met Franz at the Café des Westens.[1] After her marriage to Franz Pfemfert in 1911 they both got involved with Herwarth Walden's Expressionist journal Der Sturm. She worked with Franz when he launched Die Aktion later that year. Her sister, Maria Ramm, married Die Aktion contributor Carl Einstein in 1913.[2] From 1917, Alexandra ran theAktions-Buch-und-Kunsthandlung ("Aktion's book and art dealers"), based in Kaiserallee 222 (today Bundesallee) in Berlin-Wilmersdorf.

Relationship with Trotsky's family

Under the name Alexandra Ramm she had become a major translator of Leon Trotsky's works into German. However she never personally met Trotsky himself. Nevertheless, she did maintain an extensive correspondence with Trotsky and sent him newspapers when he was in exile in Turkey. In 1931, with her husband she helped arrange a visa for Trotsky's son Lev Sedov when he moved to Berlin in 1931. When Trotsky's daughter, Zinaida Volkova, committed suicide in Berlin in January 1933, Alexandra organised the funeral arrangements. However, when she and her husband went into exile in Mexico they arrived a few months after Trotsky's murder.[1]

Works

References

  1. ^ a b c Bois, Marcel. "Twentieth Century Communism – Issue 10 A Transnational Friendship in the Age of Extremes: Leon Trotsky and the Pfemferts" (PDF). lwbooks. Lawrence and Wishart. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  2. ^ Sorensen, Lee. "Einstein, Carl (or Karl); Urian, Savine Ree, pseudonym". Dictionary of Art Historians. Duke University. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
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