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((More citations needed|date=June 2016))
((Infobox officeholder
| name                = Alexandros Svolos<br/><small>Aλέξανδρος Σβώλος</small>
| image               = 
| birth_date          = 1892
| birth_place         = 
| death_date          = 22 February 1956
| death_place         = 
| order               = [[Prime Minister of Greece|Chairman of the Political Committee of National Liberation]]
| term_start          = 18 April 1944
| predecessor         = [[Evripidis Bakirtzis]]
| term_end            = 9 October 1944
| successor           = [[Georgios Papandreou]] (as president of the [[government of national unity]])
| caption             = 
| alma_mater          = [[National and Kapodistrian University of Athens]]
| profession          = [[Professor]] of [[Law]]<br /> [[Politician]]
| other_names         = 
| spouse              = [[Maria Svolou]]
| party               = [[Socialist Party of Greece]], [[Union of People's Democracy]]
))
'''Alexandros Svolos''' (((lang-el|Αλέξανδρος Σβώλος)); 1892, [[Kruševo]], [[Manastir Vilayet]], [[Ottoman Empire]] – 22 February 1956, [[Athens]], [[Greece]]) was a prominent [[Greeks|Greek]] legal expert, who also served as president of the [[Political Committee of National Liberation]], a [[Greek Resistance|Resistance]]-based government during the [[Axis occupation of Greece]].

== Early life ==
Svolos was born in 1892 in [[Kruševo]], now in [[North Macedonia]], then part of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. He was an [[Aromanians|Aromanian]].<ref>((cite journal|url=https://dinitrandu.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Alex-Gica-Rcent-history.pdf|title=The recent history of the Aromanians in Southeast Europe|first=Alexandru|last=Gica|journal=[[The Newsletter of the Society Farsharotu]]|volume=31|year=2009|page=13|quote=Thus in 1944, the president of the temporary Committee for National Liberation, Alexandros Svolos, the military head of ELAS, Stefanos Sarafis, as well as the political head of EAM, Andreas Tzimas, were all Aromanians.))</ref><ref>((cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/3804965|title=The Vlachs of Greece and their misunderstood history|first=Helen|last=Abadzi|journal=The Newsletter of the Society Farsharotu|volume=17|year=2004|page=4|quote=However, historically the members of this 'minority' have acted as the backbone of Hellenism: [...] such as Alexandros Svolos and Andreas Tzimas.))</ref><ref>((cite news|url=https://www.tovima.gr/2008/11/24/books-ideas/eimaste-oloi-blaxoi-2/|title="Είμαστε όλοι Βλάχοι"|first=Stathis|last=Efstathiadis|newspaper=[[To Vima]]|date=24 November 2008|language=el))</ref> He studied law at [[Constantinople]] in 1911-1912, and from there went on to study at the [[University of Athens]] under [[Nikolaos Saripolos]]. In 1915 he was appointed to teach at the University.

Between 1917 and 1920, he was the head of the Labour and Social Policy Direction at the Ministry of National Economy, and helped to push through legislation ratifying the newly founded [[International Labour Organization]]'s conventions. Subsequently, he was employed as head administrator at [[Bursa]] in [[Asia Minor]], then occupied by the [[Greek Army]], until 1922. He married feminist [[Maria Svolou]] in 1923.<ref name="WiWH">((cite book|last=Morris|first=Paul|editor1-last=Commire|editor1-first=Anne|title=Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia|date=2002|publisher=Yorkin Publications|location=Waterford, Connecticut|isbn=0-7876-4074-3|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591308991.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224222816/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591308991.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-02-24|chapter=Svolou, Maria (d. 1976)|url-access=subscription ))</ref>

In 1929 he succeeded his mentor, N. Saripolos, at the seat of Constitutional Law at Athens, a position he retained until 1946. Because of his left-leaning political views, he was dismissed in 1935 and again during the [[4th of August Regime|Metaxas Regime]] in 1936, when he was sent to [[Exile|internal exile]] in various [[Aegean Islands]].

== Political activity during and after the Second World War ==
After the [[Battle of Greece|German invasion]] in April 1941, Greece was occupied by the Axis, and divided into German, Italian and Bulgarian zones. Svolos, at the head of a Committee of [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonians ]] and [[Western Thrace|Thracians]], sent repeated protests to the German authorities protesting the Bulgarians' open annexation of Greek territory and their maltreatment of the local Greek population.

In the meantime, the Resistance movement had been growing, and by early 1944, a large part of the Greek mainland was free, under the control of the Resistance. In March, the leftist [[National Liberation Front (Greece)|EAM]]/[[Greek People's Liberation Army|ELAS]] movement set up a government of its own, the [[Political Committee of National Liberation]] (PEEA), rivaling both the collaborationist one in Athens and the King's government in exile in [[Cairo]]. In April 1944, Svolos agreed to become its president, while [[Evripidis Bakirtzis]], his predecessor, became its vice-president.

In this role, Svolos participated in the [[Lebanon conference]] in May 1944, when the establishment of a [[government of national unity]] under [[George Papandreou (senior)|George Papandreou]] was decided. However, the PEEA continued to exercise its authority in Greece until liberation, in October 1944, with Svolos as its head. In the Papandreou government he held the portfolio of the Finance Ministry, where his measures to restore the Greek economy made him unpopular. He finally resigned from the Papandreou government along with the other EAMist ministers on December 2, in the lead-up to the ''[[Dekemvriana]]''. After EAM's defeat in the ''Dekemvriana'', he was again dismissed from his teaching post at the University.

Svolos then became president of the small Socialist [[Union of People's Democracy|ELD]] party until 1953, when it was merged with the [[Democratic Party (Greece)|Democratic Party]], forming the Democratic Party of the Working People, which he also headed together with [[Georgios Kartalis]] until his death in 1956. He was elected to Parliament for [[Thessaloniki]] in [[1950 Greek legislative election|1950]] and [[1956 Greek legislative election|1956]], but died three days after the latter.

== Academic career ==

Alexandros Svolos was among the most prominent experts on [[constitutional law]] in Greece, and held strong democratic and socialist views, which put him often at odds with the Greek establishment of the time.

His very first academic treatise was his [[doctoral thesis]] in 1915, where he examined the constitutional right of workers to form [[Trade union|unions]]. His expertise in labour matters was recognized by his appointment to the Labour Directorate in the Ministry of National Economy. In 1928, he published a study on the liberal [[Greek Constitution of 1927]], called "The New Constitution and the foundations of the Government", applying special emphasis on its social role. In 1929, in his speech on his acceptance of the teaching chair at the University, he emphasized the necessity of protection of minorities from the powerful executive authority. This speech was given at a time when even formerly liberal politicians, like [[Eleftherios Venizelos]], were increasingly adopting measures to control the people, and especially to curb the growing influence of the [[Communist Party of Greece]]. Svolos' last academic work was a study, done together with George Vlachos, of the [[Greek Constitution of 1952]], and was published in two volumes in 1954-1955.

In his honour, a hall has been named after him in the Law School of the University of Athens.

==References==
((reflist))

((s-start))
((succession box|title=[[Political Committee of National Liberation|Chairman of the PEEA]]|before=[[Evripidis Bakirtzis]]|after=[[George Papandreou (senior)|George Papandreou]] as head of government of national unity|years=April 18 - October 9, 1944))
((s-end))

((Heads of government of Greece|state=collapsed))
((Political Committee of National Liberation))
((Socialism in Greece))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Svolos, Alexandros))
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of Greece]]
[[Category:People from Kruševo]]
[[Category:People from Manastir vilayet]]
[[Category:Greek people of Aromanian descent]]
[[Category:Aromanian politicians]]
[[Category:Socialist Party of Greece politicians]]
[[Category:Democratic Alignment politicians]]
[[Category:Liberal Democratic Union (Greece) politicians]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Greece]]
[[Category:Greek MPs 1950–1951]]
[[Category:Greek MPs 1956–1958]]
[[Category:MPs of Thessaloniki]]
[[Category:National Liberation Front (Greece) members]]
[[Category:Greek revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Republicanism in Greece]]
[[Category:Aromanian people of World War II]]
[[Category:Greek people of World War II]]
[[Category:National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders]]
[[Category:Ottoman Kruševo]]
[[Category:Greek Macedonia in World War II]]
[[Category:Istanbul University Faculty of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Greece]]

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