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((short description|19th century French missionary Roman Catholic priest))
((Use dmy dates|date=February 2021))
((Infobox Christian leader
| type           = Prefect Apostolic
| honorific-prefix = The Reverend
| name           = Alexis Bachelot
| honorific-suffix = ((post-nominals|list=[[Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary|SS.CC.]]))
| title          = [[Prefecture Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands|Prefect Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands]]
| image          = Alexis Bachelot.jpg
| alt            = 
| caption        = 
| church         = [[Roman Catholic]]
| archdiocese    = 
| diocese        = [[Prefecture Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands]]
| see            = 
| term           = 1825–1837
| predecessor    = ''none''
| successor      = [[Etienne Jerome Rouchouze]]
<!--   Orders   -->
| ordination     = 
| ordinated_by   = 
| consecration   = 
| consecrated_by = 
| rank           = 
<!--   Personal details   -->
| birth_date     = ((birth date|1796|2|22|df=y))
| birth_place    = [[Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière]], [[Orne]], [[France]]
| death_date     = ((death date and age|1837|12|5|1796|2|22|df=y))
| death_place    = Pacific Ocean
| previous_post  = 
| nationality    = [[French people|French]] 
))

'''Alexis Bachelot''', [[Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary|SS.CC.]], (born '''Jean-Augustin Bachelot'''; 22 February 1796 &ndash; 5 December 1837) was a [[Catholic priest]] best known for his tenure as the first [[Prefecture Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands|Prefect Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands]]. In that role, he led the first permanent Catholic [[Mission (Christianity)|mission]] to the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]]. Bachelot was raised in France, where he attended the [[Irish College in Paris]], and was ordained a priest in 1820. He led the first Catholic mission to Hawaii, arriving in 1827. Although he had expected the approval of then Hawaiian King [[Kamehameha&nbsp;II]], he learned upon arrival that Kamehameha&nbsp;II had died and a new government that was hostile towards Catholic missionaries had been installed. Bachelot, however, was able to convert a small group of Hawaiians and quietly minister to them for four years before being deported in 1831 on the orders of [[Kaʻahumanu]], the ''[[Kuhina Nui]]'' (a position similar to [[regent|queen regent]]) of Hawaii.

Bachelot then traveled to [[Alta California|California]], where he served as an assistant minister while pastoring and teaching. In 1837, having learned of Queen Kaʻahumanu's death and King [[Kamehameha&nbsp;III]]'s willingness to allow Catholic priests on the island, Bachelot returned to Hawaii, intending to continue his missionary work. However, by Bachelot's arrival, Kamehameha&nbsp;III had again changed his mind and Bachelot was removed from the island and confined to a ship for several months. He was freed only after the [[French Navy|French]] and [[Royal Navy|British]] navies imposed a naval [[blockade]] on the [[Honolulu Harbor|Honolulu harbor]]. Although he was later able to secure passage on a ship to [[Micronesia]], he died en route and was buried on an islet near [[Pohnpei]]. His treatment in Hawaii prompted the [[July Monarchy|government of France]] to dispatch a frigate to the island; the resulting intervention is known as [[Laplace Affair|the French Incident]] and led to the emancipation of Catholics in Hawaii.

==Early life==
Bachelot was born in [[Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière]], [[Orne]], France on 22 February 1796.((sfn|Pietrusewsky|Willacker|1997|p=208)) In 1806, he left home for Paris, where he enrolled in the Preparatory [[Seminary]] of [[Picpus, Paris|Picpus]] to pursue priesthood. In 1813, he [[Profession (religious)|professed]] at the [[Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary]],((sfn|Yzendoor|1914|p=6)) taking the name Alexis.((sfn|Pietrusewsky|Willacker|1997|p=208)) He studied at the [[Irish College in Paris]]((sfn|Yzendoor|1914|p=6)) before being [[Holy Orders|ordained]] as a priest in 1820. As a priest, he initially served as the College's [[Rector (academia)|rector]] and later led the preparatory seminary at [[Tours]].((sfn|Yzendoor|1914|p=6))

== Hawaiian mission ==
In the early 1820s, [[Jean Baptiste Rives]], a French adviser to the Hawaiian king [[Kamehameha&nbsp;II]], traveled to Europe to attempt to convince European Catholics to organize a mission to Hawaii. Members of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary were receptive to his idea,((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=139)) and in 1825, [[Pope Leo&nbsp;XII]] assigned them the task of evangelizing Hawaii.((sfn|Garrett|1982|p=49)) Bachelot was appointed the Prefect Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands, and in this role led the first permanent mission to Hawaii.((sfn|Garrett|1982|p=50))

The expedition was organized by the influential [[Monneron family]] and funded by the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|government of France]]. Bachelot was assisted in his new position by fellow priests [[Patrick Short (priest)|Patrick Short]] and [[Abraham Armand]], as well as several [[lay brother]]s. The mission sailed from [[Bordeaux]] on ''La Comète'' in November&nbsp;1826.  The missionaries were initially accompanied by a group that planned to explore commercial trading opportunities((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=139)) but returned to France after reaching Mexico.((sfn|Mulholland|1970|pp=93–4))
[[File:Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace east.jpg|thumb|[[Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace]] in 2006]]
Unbeknownst to Bachelot, political changes occurred in Hawaii prior to the mission's arrival. King ((nowrap|Kamehameha II)) died in 1824 and his younger brother ((nowrap|Kamehameha III)) became king.((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=138))  Because ((nowrap|Kamehameha III)) was young at the time of his ascension, Queen Kaʻahumanu (their stepmother) ruled as ''Kuhina Nui''.((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|pp=133–4)) On the advice of [[Hiram Bingham I|Hiram ((nowrap|Bingham I))]]—a Protestant missionary who had converted the Hawaiian royalty four years previously—Queen Kaʻahumanu took a hard stance against Catholicism. Rives' influence on the Hawaiian government had faded,((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=140)) and he never returned to Hawaii.((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=140))

''La Comète'' arrived in [[Honolulu]] on 7&nbsp;July 1827. The priests were faced with a situation of dire poverty owing to the absence of Rives' patronage.((sfn|Garrett|1982|p=50)) Furthermore, they had promised ''La Comète's'' captain that Rives would pay for their passage after they arrived in Hawaii, but by the time of their arrival, Rives had already left.((sfn|Mulholland|1970|p=93)) Queen Kaʻahumanu refused to allow the missionaries to stay, suspecting them to be covert agents of the government of France.((sfn|Garrett|1982|p=50))  She instructed ''La Comète's'' captain to take the mission with him when he departed.((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=140)) The captain, however, refused to do so because he did not receive payment for their passage, so the party was able to remain.((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=140))

The priests began their missionary work, but encountered suspicion from most chiefs. The members of the party had great difficulty defending themselves, as none of them was fluent in English or Hawaiian.((sfn|Garrett|1982|p=50)) But, the group were favorably received by the high chief [[Boki (Hawaiian chief)|Boki]],((sfn|Garrett|1982|p=49)) the royal governor of Oahu, and his wife [[Kuini Liliha]]. (The couple were Catholic converts and rivals of Queen Kaʻahumanu.) Boki welcomed the party and gave its members permission to stay.((sfn|Garrett|1982|p=49))

For several months, Bachelot and his fellow missionaries lived in three small rented structures,((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=140)) saying their first mass on the island in a grass hut.((sfn|Kelley|1948|p=335)) They later built a chapel on a small plot of land they purchased,((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=140)) where the [[Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace]]((sfn|Tabrah|1984|p=45)) was dedicated in 1843.((sfn|Kelley|1948|p=337)) After settling on the island, the group avoided drawing attention to themselves and studied the [[Hawaiian language]].((sfn|Tabrah|1984|p=45)) During their mission's first two years, the group converted 65 Hawaiians((sfn|Tabrah|1984|p=45)) and ministered to Hawaiians who had already been converted.((sfn|Garrett|1982|p=51)) They often held surreptitious night-time meetings with converts who feared persecution.((sfn|Kelley|1948|p=335)) The priests' vestments and rituals made their evangelism efforts more effective because they reminded Hawaiians of native religious customs.((sfn|Garrett|1982|p=51))

Bachelot introduced two plant species to Hawaii: ''[[Prosopis humilis]]''((sfn|Hall|1904|p=9)) and ''[[Bougainvillea]]''.((sfn|Scott|1991|p=55)) ''Prosopis humilis'' trees later covered thousands of acres there.((sfn|Hall|1904|p=9)) He had obtained the seeds, which were originally gathered by Catholic missionaries in California, from the Royal Conservatory in Paris.((sfn|Tabrah|1984|p=45)) Bachelot translated a prayer book into Hawaiian (''O Ke A'o Ana Kristiano'', "Christian Doctrine", c. 1831),((sfn|Forbes|2000|p=19)) authored a [[catechism]] in Hawaiian (''He Ōlelo Ho'ona'auao'', "A Word of Instruction", 1831),((sfn|Forbes|2000|p=15)) and wrote an introduction to Hawaiian grammar in French (''Notes Grammaticales'', "Grammatical Notes", 1834).((sfn|Forbes|2000|p=87))

== Persecution ==
[[File:Reine Cahoumanou.jpg|thumb|upright|1816 painting of Queen [[Kaʻahumanu]], who deported Bachelot from Hawaii in 1831]]
By 1827, Protestant Christianity, and in particular Bingham's teachings,((sfn|Tabrah|1984|pp=45–6)) had become the ''de facto'' state religion of the Kingdom of Hawaii.((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=140)) Queen Kaʻahumanu persecuted Catholics from 1829 until her death in 1832, by, for example, forbidding Hawaiians from attending masses and instructing Bachelot not to proselytize.((sfn|Tabrah|1984|pp=45–6)) In December&nbsp;1831, Bachelot and Short were deported and forced to leave on a ship, the ''Waverly'', bound for North America.((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=142)) Though Queen Kaʻahumanu steadfastly opposed his work, Bachelot viewed her as a good person who had been deceived by Protestant missionaries.((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=133))

The news of Bachelot and Short's expulsion caused controversy in the United States, where it was viewed as a violation of the rights appertaining to foreigners in the 1826 treaty signed by Commodore [[Thomas ap Catesby Jones]] of the [[United States Navy]] and King ((nowrap|Kamehameha III)). U.S. Navy Commodore [[John Downes (naval officer)|John Downes]] protested the expulsions while in discussion with chiefs during his 1832 visit to the kingdom.((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=144))

== California ==
[[File:Kamehameha III in Prussian uniform, c. 1831.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of the young King ((nowrap|[[Kamehameha III]]))]]
The ''Waverly'' landed at a vacant area near San Pedro, Los Angeles, in January&nbsp;1832.((sfn|Older|1938|p=66)) Bachelot and Short traveled to the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel,((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=143)) where they were welcomed by the [[Franciscans]] who staffed the mission.((sfn|Kelley|1948|p=335)) Bachelot later became the pastor of a church in Los Angeles,((sfn|Older|1938|p=67)) served as an assistant minister for the mission,((sfn|Bancroft|1902|p=317)) and led the mission on an interim basis after its priest was reassigned in 1834.((sfn|Older|1938|p=67)) He also taught in Los Angeles schools during a teacher shortage.((sfn|González|2005|p=180)) He ministered in California until 1837((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=143)) and became popular with Angelenos.((sfn|González|2005|p=180))

In 1833, the [[Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith]] reorganized the jurisdiction of [[Oceania]]. Hawaii became part of the newly created [[Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Oceania]], which was split into northern and southern divisions. Bachelot remained as the Prefect Apostolic for the northern division. [[Etienne Jerome Rouchouze]] served as the Vicar Apostolic of Eastern Oceania and oversaw Bachelot's assignment in Hawaii.((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=143))

In 1835 and 1836, two representatives of the Catholic Church traveled to Hawaii in an attempt to ascertain whether Bachelot could return.((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|pp=144–5)) Queen Kaʻahumanu had died in 1832, and the following year King ((nowrap|Kamehameha III)) began making radical changes to Hawaiian law.((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|pp=133–4)) Columban Murphy, a Catholic lay brother from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], visited King ((nowrap|Kamehameha III)) in 1835 and discussed the possibility of Bachelot's return.((sfn|Garrett|1982|p=53)) Finding King ((nowrap|Kamehameha III)) amenable to the idea, Murphy traveled to California to relay the news. He was unable, however, to locate Bachelot, who was absent from the area at the time. After Bachelot received Murphy's message, Bachelot and Short decided to return to Hawaii.((sfn|Garrett|1982|p=53)) The [[Ayuntamiento]] in Los Angeles, a municipal council, attempted to dissuade Bachelot((sfn|Bancroft|1902|p=318)) and asked the Catholic leadership in [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]] to prevent him from leaving,((sfn|González|2005|p=180)) but he insisted on departing((sfn|Bancroft|1902|p=318)) and the Catholic leadership did not prevent him.((sfn|González|2005|p=180))

== Final years ==
[[File:Louis-Jules Masselot, Assemblée des Chefs des Iles Sandwich en conférence avec le Commandant de la Vénus.jpg|thumb|1837 painting of King [[Kamehameha&nbsp;III]] meeting with Captain [[Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars]] and Captain [[Edward Belcher]]]]
When Bachelot and Short arrived in Honolulu in May 1837, they spent only 13 days on the island. Notwithstanding the agreement he had signed with [[French Navy|French Naval]] Captain [[Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars]] that allowed French citizens to live on the island,((sfn|McDougall|2004|p=214)) King ((nowrap|Kamehameha III)) sought to deport the priests. Bachelot and Short were confined to the ship on which they had arrived, the ''Clémentine'',((sfn|Wong|Rayson|1987|pp=105–6)) on ((nowrap|22 May)).((sfn|Daws|1968|p=95)) However, the ''Clémentine'''s captain, Jules Dudoit, refused to transport them from Hawaii.((sfn|Wong|Rayson|1987|pp=105–6)) Dudoit, a British citizen of French descent, met with [[Richard Charlton|Charlton]], the British consul, and they publicly protested the priests' confinement.((sfn|Daws|1968|p=95)) Their efforts to secure freedom for the priests to live on the island were unsuccessful((sfn|Garrett|1982|p=53)) until the British naval vessel HMS ''Sulphur'' and the French frigate the ''La Vénus'' arrived in Honolulu((sfn|Daws|1968|p=95)) on ((nowrap|8 July)).((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=149)) The ships were commanded respectively by [[Edward Belcher]] and Dupetit Thouars, who each tried to convince the authorities to allow the priests to return to the island. After negotiations proved futile, they blockaded the harbor, boarded the ''Clémentine'', and brought Bachelot and Short ashore. The ''La Vénus'' sent 300 sailors to escort them from the harbor to the French mission. King ((nowrap|Kamehameha III)) agreed to allow the priests to stay in Honolulu until they could find a ship to transport them elsewhere, under the condition that they refrain from proselytizing.((sfn|Daws|1968|p=95))

[[File:Visit of L'Abbe Maigret to the Tomb of the persecuted Bachelot, Island of Ascension.jpg|thumb|180px|''Visit of L'Abbe [[Louis Désiré Maigret|Maigret]] to the Tomb of the persecuted Bachelot, Island of Ascension'', woodcuts by Jules Dudoit, c. 1839.]]
That year, Bachelot, who suffered from a form of [[rheumatism]],((sfn|Garrett|1982|p=54)) became very sick.((sfn|Kelley|1948|p=336)) By November&nbsp;1837, he had recovered sufficiently to leave Hawaii. He purchased a ship((sfn|Garrett|1982|p=54)) and sailed toward Micronesia, intending to work on a mission.((sfn|Garrett|1982|p=53)) Bachelot's health significantly worsened after leaving Hawaii((sfn|Pietrusewsky|Willacker|1997|p=208)) and he died at sea on 5 December 1837.((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=150)) He was buried on an islet off the coast of Pohnpei. In 1838, a small chapel was built near his grave.((sfn|Pietrusewsky|Willacker|1997|p=208))

Owing to the persecution of Bachelot and his fellow priests, the government of France sent the frigate ''L'Artémise'' to Hawaii in 1839. Its captain, [[Cyrille Pierre Théodore Laplace]], had been instructed to force the government to stop persecuting Catholics. In response to this show of force, King ((nowrap|Kamehameha III)) [[Edict of Toleration (Hawaii)|granted Catholics]] freedom of religion.((sfn|Kuykendall|1938|p=165))

== References ==
((reflist|20em))

== Bibliography ==
* ((citation
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  | year = 1902
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  | oclc = 35811256
  ))
* ((citation
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  | isbn = 978-0-8248-0324-7
  | url-access = registration
  | url = https://archive.org/details/journalofprincea00kame
  ))
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  | isbn = 978-0-8248-2379-5
  ))
* ((citation
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* ((citation
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  ))
* ((citation
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* ((citation
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((s-start))
((s-rel|ca))
((succession box | before = none | title = [[Apostolic Prefecture of the Sandwich Islands]] | years = 1825–1837 | after = [[Vicar Apostolic of Oriental Oceania]] ))
((s-end))
((Christianity in Hawaii))
((Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu))
((Portal bar|Biography|Christianity|Hawaii|Oceania))
((featured article))

((authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Bachelot, Alexis))
[[Category:1796 births]]
[[Category:1837 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century French Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Apostolic prefects]]
[[Category:Burials in the Federated States of Micronesia]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Hawaii]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Mexico]]
[[Category:Hawaii Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Irish College, Paris alumni]]
[[Category:People from Orne]]
[[Category:People who died at sea]]
[[Category:Picpus Fathers]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholic missionaries]]
[[Category:French expatriates in the Hawaiian Kingdom]]
[[Category:19th-century American Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:French expatriates in Mexico]]

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Template:Portal bar (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Post-nominals (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu (edit)
Template:S-aft (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:S-aft/check (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:S-aft/filter (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:S-bef (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:S-bef/check (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:S-bef/filter (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:S-end (view source) (protected)
Template:S-rel (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:S-start (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:S-ttl (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:S-ttl/check (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Sfn (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Succession box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Succession box/check (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
Template:Top icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Use dmy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Age (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Date (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Footnotes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/whitelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:MultiReplace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/aliases (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/b (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/c (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/h (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/o (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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