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((Short description|Argentine-born English historian, novelist and archaeologist (1903–1964)))
((Use dmy dates|date=June 2019))
((Use British English|date=June 2019))
((refimprove |date=June 2020))
'''Alfred Duggan''' (born '''Alfredo León Duggan'''; 1903–1964) was an Argentine-born English historian and [[archaeologist]], and a well-known historical novelist in the 1950s. His novels are known for meticulous historical research.

==Background==
Though brought up in Britain, he was born Alfredo León Duggan in Lomas de Zamora, [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]], to a family of wealthy landowners of Irish descent. His family moved to Britain when he was two years old. His father, Alfredo Huberto Duggan, a first generation [[Irish Argentine]], was appointed in 1905 to the Argentine Legation in London, and died in 1915. In 1917, his mother, the [[Alabama]]-born [[Grace Curzon, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston|Grace Elvira Hinds]], daughter of the U.S. Consul General in Rio de Janeiro, became the second wife of [[Lord Curzon]], the former [[Viceroy of India]]. 

Duggan and his brother, [[Hubert Duggan|Hubert]] (1904–1943), were brought up in Britain at Curzon's seats, and were educated first at [[Wixenford School|Wixenford]]<ref>[[Grace Curzon, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston]], ''Reminiscences'' (1955), p. 45.</ref> and [[Eton College|Eton]]. Thereafter Alfred went to [[Balliol College]] at [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], where he became acquainted with [[Anthony Powell]] and [[Evelyn Waugh]].<ref>John Derbyshire [http://www.olimu.com/journalism/Texts/Criticism/Duggan.htm "Alfred Duggan's Past"] ''New Criterion'' February 2005.</ref> He often features in Waugh's letters and diaries of the period, and his South American background may have influenced the character of [[Anthony Blanche]] in ''[[Brideshead Revisited]]'', though Waugh described the character as "2/3 [[Brian Howard (poet)|Brian [Howard]]] and 1/3 [[Harold Acton]]. People think it was all Harold, who is a much sweeter and saner man [than Howard]."<ref name="Waugh 1980 505">((Cite book |last=Waugh |first=Evelyn |author2=Edited by Mark Amory |year=1980 |title=[[The Letters of Evelyn Waugh]] |publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |isbn=1-85799-245-8 |page= 505))</ref>

Alfred Duggan kept a car while at Oxford, one of the few students with sufficient funds and influence to do so; the University Statutes prohibited undergraduates from keeping a car within a certain distance of the town centre at [[Carfax, Oxford|Carfax]], and so Duggan kept his, an early [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]], just outside the limit of the jurisdiction of the University [[Proctor]]s, and would regularly drive himself and his friends to and from London during the social season. At Oxford he was part of the [[Hypocrites' Club]].<ref name="anthonypowell">((Cite web |title=AP The Anthony Powell Newsletter 65 |url=http://anthonypowell.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/nl65.pdf |website=anthonypowell |accessdate=21 January 2018))</ref>

During 1938–1941, Duggan served with the [[London Irish Rifles]], with active service in the [[Norwegian Campaign]]. For the rest of the Second World War he worked in an aeroplane factory.

In 1953, Duggan married Laura Hill. They went to live in [[Ross-on-Wye]], where he died in April 1964.<ref>''The Spectator'' (10 July 1964).</ref> According to a review by [[John Derbyshire]], Duggan "in later years, his inheritance gone... adjusted philosophically to his changed circumstances, living a bookish and domestic life utterly at odds with the extravagant dissipation of his youth. He seems to have been a devoted husband and parent, and a loyal friend."<ref>''The New Criterion'', February 2005 [https://www.johnderbyshire.com/Reviews/Considerations/duggan.html Retrieved 3 June 2019.]</ref>

==Literature==
Duggan's novels are known for their basis of meticulous historical research. He also wrote popular histories of [[Ancient Rome]] and the [[Middle Ages]]. ''Knight with Armour'', his first novel, appeared in 1946. He visited practically every place and battlefield described, since he was also an archaeologist, having worked on excavations in [[Istanbul]] during the 1930s.

Unlike many historical novelists, he does not idealise his subjects. A few characters are noble, some rather nasty, many mixed in their motives. Some of the novels can be seen as funny, in a dry ''noir'' style. A recurring theme is the slow moral corruption of a character who begins with an exalted opinion of himself as noble, wise and brave, but gradually compromises himself morally.

Most of the stories are told from the viewpoint of the ruling class – sometimes the ruler, sometimes a knight or noble. In English history, his novels show a general approval of the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman conquest]].

==Reception==
Duggan's novel ''Three's Company'' (1958) was praised by [[Rex Warner]], who stated, "Mr. Duggan has succeeded in making him (Lepidus) a modern character, but he has also firmly placed him in his own age. ''Three's Company'' is a most competent piece of work, scholarly, alive, and suggestive."<ref>Rex Warner, "Two Not So Noble Romans", ''[[Saturday Review (U.S. magazine)|The Saturday Review]]'', 30 August 1958, p. 11.</ref> In an introduction to Duggan's novel ''Count Bohemond'' (1964), [[Evelyn Waugh]] said Duggan's "literary style remained constant. It is as crisp and clear in this posthumous novel as in his first.... There is no groping in Alfred's work. At the age of forty-seven he published his first book. It was lucid and masterly, absolutely free of affectation or ostentation."<ref>Evelyn Waugh, "Preface", in Alfred Duggan, ''Count Bohemond'' (Reprint). London : Cassell Military, 2002, pp. 5–7. ((ISBN|9780304362738))</ref>

==Books==
===Novels===
*''Knight with Armour'' (1950). The [[First Crusade]], as seen by a rather ordinary knight
*''[[Conscience of the King (novel)|Conscience of the King]]'' (1951). A speculative life of [[Cerdic of Wessex|Cerdic]], founder of the [[kingdom of Wessex]]
*''[[The Little Emperors]]'' (1951). A succession of coups in [[End of Roman rule in Britain|late Roman Britain]]
*''The Lady for Ransom'' (1953). Norman mercenaries from the West serving the [[Byzantine Empire]] in the 11th century, featuring [[Roussel de Bailleul]].
*''Leopards and Lilies'' (1954). A noblewoman seeks her own advantage in the dangerous politics of England under [[John of England|King John]] and [[Henry III of England|Henry III]].
*''God and My Right'' (1955). The life of St [[Thomas Becket]]
*''Winter Quarters'' (1956). Two [[Gauls]] in the time of [[Julius Caesar]] join the Roman army and are captured at the [[Battle of Carrhae]], to spend the rest of their lives as mercenaries for the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] in a faraway eastern province.
*''Three's Company'' (1958). The career of [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]], triumvir with [[Octavian]] and [[Marcus Antonius]] after the death of [[Julius Caesar]]
*''Founding Fathers'', U.S. title, ''Children of the Wolf'' (1959). [[Romulus]] and the founding of Rome
*''The Cunning of the Dove'' (1960). The career of [[Edward the Confessor]], told by one of his servants — it is implied that the servant was the main informant for the author of the [[Vita Edwardi]].
*''Family Favourites'' (1960). An ordinary Roman soldier witnesses the reign of Emperor [[Elagabalus]]
*''The King of Athelney'', U.S. title, ''The Right Line of Cerdic'' (1961). The life of [[Alfred the Great]]
*''Lord Geoffrey's Fancy'' (1962). Life in one of the short-lived [[Frankish Greece|Crusader kingdoms in Greece]], told by an ordinary knight, cousin to the eponymous [[Geoffrey of Briel]]
*''Elephants and Castles'', U.S. title, ''Besieger of Cities'' (1963). The life of [[Demetrius I of Macedon]], one of the [[Diadochi|Successors]] after the death of [[Alexander the Great]]; after being declared a god as a young man, everything else is an anticlimax.
*''Count Bohemond'' (1964). Another account of the [[First Crusade]], this time from the side of [[Bohemond I of Antioch|Bohemond of Antioch]], one of its leaders

===Non fiction===
*''Thomas Becket of Canterbury'' (1952)
*''Julius Caesar: A Great Life in Brief'' (1955)
*''My Life for My Sheep: Thomas a Becket'' (1955)
*''He Died Old: [[Mithradates Eupator]], King of Pontus'' (1958)
*''Devil's Brood: The Angevin Family'' (1957)
*''Look at Castles'' (1960). For young readers
*''The Castle Book'' (1961)
*''Look At Churches'' (1961)
*''Growing Up in Thirteenth Century England'' (1962)
*''The Story of the Crusades 1097–1291'' (1963)
*''The Romans'' (1965). For young readers
*''Growing up with the Norman Conques''t (1965)
*''The Falcon And the Dove: A Life of Thomas Becket of Canterbury'' (1971)

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

==External links==
*[http://www.johnderbyshire.com/Reviews/Considerations/duggan.html Alfred Duggan's Past]
*[http://irlandeses.org/dilab_dugganla.htm Biographic entry at The Society for Irish Latin American Studies website]
*[http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/10th-july-1964/10/alfred-duggan Evelyn Waugh on Alfred Duggan.]

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((DEFAULTSORT:Duggan, Alfred Leo))
[[Category:English historical novelists]]
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:People educated at Wixenford School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:20th-century English novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century English historians]]
[[Category:Writers of historical fiction set in antiquity]]
[[Category:Writers of historical fiction set in the Middle Ages]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:London Irish Rifles soldiers]]

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