G proteins are a vital intermediary between the extracellular activation of receptors (G protein-coupled receptors) on the cell membrane and actions within the cell. Rodbell had shown in the 1960s that GTP was involved in cell signaling. It was Gilman who actually discovered the proteins that interacted with the GTP to initiate signalling cascades within the cell, and thus, giving the name G proteins.[3]
Gilman was born in New Haven, Connecticut, as he later commented, "with a scientific/academic silver spoon" in his mouth, "or perhaps a pestle (but not the mortar)."[5] His parents were Mabel (Schmidt) and Alfred Gilman,[6] a professor at the Yale School of Medicine and one of the authors of the classic pharmacology textbook Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (nicknamed the "Blue Bible" of pharmacology).[5] His family is Jewish.[7] His middle name was in honor of the co-author Louis S. Goodman. The book was published in 1941, the year he was born. His friend Michael Stuart Brown (who was also born in 1941, and later the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate) joked that Gilman was "probably the only person who was ever named after a textbook."[6] (Gilman later served as one of the textbook's editors from 1980 to 2000, first collaborating with, then succeeding his father and Goodman.[8]) He had an elder sister Joanna Gilman. He grew up in White Plains, New York, while his father worked at Columbia University and Albert Einstein College of Medicine.[6]
Education
Gilman attended local elementary school in White Plains. Hoping for better education, in 1955 his parents sent him to The Taft School in Watertown, Connecticut, where he completed grades 10 to 12. The school was known for its sports activity, and he described it as "a strict, monastic, and frankly unpleasant environment in the 1950s: academic boot camp."[5] He recalled that he was "the worst 120-pound lineman on the intramural tackle football team."[9] He studied science at Yale University. His first research project was to test the adaptor hypothesis of Francis Crick. He worked in the laboratory of Melvin Simpson, where he met his future wife Kathryn Hedlund.[6] (They were married in 1963.) He graduated in 1962 receiving a BA in biology with major in biochemistry.[10] During summer break in 1962, he briefly worked at Burroughs Wellcome & Company in New York, under with Allan Conney. With Conney he published his first two research papers in 1963.[11][12] He then entered a combined MD-PhD program at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio where he wanted to study under Nobel laureate pharmacologist Earl Sutherland, who was a close friend of his father. It was Sutherland who had introduced the combined MD-PhD course, and invited Gilman to join course. But to Gilman, a seven-year program was like "an eternity in purgatory" and that he preferred not to have a degree in pharmacology, so he refused. Sutherland later persuaded him by explaining that pharmacology was "just biochemistry with a purpose."[5] However, Sutherland was departing for Vanderbilt University, so Gilman studied with Sutherland's collaborator, Theodore Rall. Gilman graduated from Case Western in 1969, then did his post-doctoral studies at the National Institutes of Health with Nobel laureate Marshall Nirenberg from 1969 to 1971.[1] Nirenberg assigned him to work on the study of nerve endings (axons from cultured neuroblastoma cells), which he considered as "a truly boring project." Instead, against the advice of Nirenberg, he worked on a new method for studying protein binding. After six weeks of working, he showed his result to Nirenberg, who immediately communicated it and got it published in 1970.[13] The work was a simple and vital biochemical assay for studying cyclic AMP.[14]
Career
In 1971, Gilman was appointed assistant professor of pharmacology at the University of Virginia, School of Medicine, in Charlottesville, Virginia. He became full professor in 1977. In 1981, he became chairman of the Department of Pharmacology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas.[6] From 2004 he became the dean, and between 2006 and 2009 he was executive vice president for academic affairs and provost.[15] He retired from university in 2009 to hold the office the chief scientific officer of the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas. He, however, resigned after three years as he felt that the administration was under commercial and political pressures. His resignation was followed by seven senior scientists.[3]
In addition to mainstream academic position he held other key positions. He was one of the founders of Regeneron, a biotechnology company headquartered in Tarrytown, New York.[9] He was also the founder and Chair of the Alliance for Cellular Signaling, a global collaboration for the study of cell signalling.[16] He became its director from 1990. In 2005, he was appointed director of the drug company, Eli Lilly & Co.[15]
Death
Gilman died after a long battle with pancreatic cancer in Dallas, Texas, on December 23, 2015, at the age of 74. He was survived by his wife and three children, Amy Ariagno and Anne Sincovec, both of Dallas, and Edward Gilman of Austin.[3][9]
Contributions
Discovery of G protein
In the 1960s, Earl Sutherland and Theodore Rall discovered that cyclic AMP (the second messenger in signal transduction) was a responsible for activating enzymes in the cell, and that cyclic AMP is produced only when hormones (the first messengers) bind on the cell surface.[17] Cyclic AMP is formed from ATP by the enzymes adenylyl cyclase. In 1970 Martin Rodbell found that hormones did not directly influence cyclic AMP, but there existed other molecules, the third messengers. Rodbell discovered that cyclic AMP is activated when guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is released from the cell membrane. He, however, did not know how the GTP molecules were produced.[10] Gilman pursued the mystery in the signalling process. He found that in lymphoma (cancer) cells, hormones lost their activity to activate adenylyl cyclase, thereby losing their ability to produce cyclic AMP. This was due to loss of proteins in these cancer cells. When he introduced the missing protein from normal cells into the cancer cells, normal hormone action was produced. This showed that the missing membrane protein was responsible for mediating hormonal signal to cyclic AMP by producing GTP. His findings were published in a series of papers between 1977 and 1979.[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] In 1980, he succeeded in identifying and isolating the new protein, which he named G protein, as it specifically binds to GTP molecules.[3]
Defending science education
Gilman played active roles in defending science education, and opposing creationism. He opposed the Texas state board of education in 2003 when the board tried to remove evolution from science curriculum. He was the leader of scientists of the US National Academy of Sciences, including Nobel laureates, to publicly criticize the board in The Dallas Morning News. He eventually became member of the advisory council of the National Centre for Science Education. He also opposed the Institute for Creation Research on its application for certification of its graduate course. He commented: "How can Texas simultaneously launch a war on cancer and approve educational platforms that submit that the universe is 10,000 years old?" He was also one of the signatories on the petition against the Louisiana Science Education Act of 2008.[26]
Harris, BA; Robishaw, JD; Mumby, SM; Gilman, AG (1985). "Molecular cloning of complementary DNA for the alpha subunit of the G protein that stimulates adenylate cyclase". Science. 229 (4719): 1274–7. Bibcode:1985Sci...229.1274H. doi:10.1126/science.3839937. PMID3839937.
Mattera, R; Graziano, MP; Yatani, A; Zhou, Z; Graf, R; Codina, J; Birnbaumer, L; Gilman, AG; Brown, AM (1989). "Splice variants of the alpha subunit of the G protein Gs activate both adenylyl cyclase and calcium channels". Science. 243 (4892): 804–7. Bibcode:1989Sci...243..804M. doi:10.1126/science.2536957. PMID2536957.
Coleman, D.; Berghuis, A.; Lee, E; Linder, M.; Gilman, A.; Sprang (1994). "Structures of active conformations of Gi alpha 1 and the mechanism of GTP hydrolysis". Science. 265 (5177): 1405–1412. Bibcode:1994Sci...265.1405C. doi:10.1126/science.8073283. PMID8073283.
^Schwarzmeier, JD; Gilman, AG (1977). "Reconstitution of catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity: interaction of components following cell-cell and membrane-cell fusion". Journal of Cyclic Nucleotide Research. 3 (4): 227–38. PMID562358.
^Ross, EM; Howlett, AC; Gilman, AG (1979). "Identification and partial characterization of some components of hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase". Progress in Clinical and Biological Research. 31: 735–49. PMID231786.
^ ab"Alfred G. Gilman dies". National Centre for Science Education. 28 December 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
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