Alfredo Cospito (born 1967) is an Italian anarchist. In his twenties, he refused conscription to military service and was convicted of desertion, then pardoned after going on hunger strike for one month. In 2012, he was sentenced to 10 years for kneecapping the head of the Italian nuclear power company Ansaldo Nucleare. Whilst imprisoned, he was convicted of the 2006 bombing of a Carabinieri barracks in which nobody was harmed. The Supreme Court of Cassation later increased the sentence to life without parole.
In 2022, Cospito was placed into the 41-bis prison regime which involves solitary confinement for 22 hours every day. In protest, he began a hunger strike in October 2022. Groups supporting Cospito have made demonstrations in Italy and symbolic attacks on Italian diplomatic offices globally; the Italian Foreign MinisterAntonio Tajani, who denounced receiving deathtreats, blamed an international anarchist network. The Supreme Court rejected the appeal against his placement in the 41-bis system in March 2023, then the following month the Constitutional Court ruled in favour of allowing the reduction of Cospito's sentence. In response to the latter, he stopped his hunger strike after 180 days on 19 April 2023; he had lost 50 kg. The Turin Court of Assizes reduced the sentence on Cospito regarding the Fossano bombing from life imprisonment to 23 years, in June 2023.
On 7 May 2012, Cospito and his accomplice, Nicola Gai, rode on a motorbike to the house of Roberto Adinolfi, executive of the Italian nuclear power company Ansaldo Nucleare. The pair shot Adinolfi in the leg three times, fracturing his knee in an action known as kneecapping. A four-page communiqué sent to Corriere della Sera newspaper claimed responsibility for the shooting on behalf of the Olga Cell of the FAI (Italian: Federazione Anarchica Informale, FAI), taking its name in solidarity with imprisoned Conspiracy of Fire Nuclei member Olga Ikondomidou.[5][6][7]
In the early hours of the morning of 14 September 2012, Cospito was arrested with Gai in Turin.[8] The pair were linked to the crime via surveillance footage, wiretaps and textual analysis of the communiqué and were found guilty; they were each sentenced to ten years and eight months in jail.[9] During the trial, Cospito and Gai claimed responsibility for the attack, with Cospito stating; "On a splendid May morning I took action and in those few hours I fully enjoyed life. For once I left fear and self-blame behind and challenged the unknown. In a Europe dotted with nuclear power plants, one of the main culprits of the nuclear disaster to come has fallen at my feet."[10] Gai was released in 2020.[11]
While serving his sentence, Cospito received an additional 20 year term for the 2006 bombing of a Carabinieri cadet barracks near Turin.[12] His partner Anna Beniamino was also convicted, receiving a sentence of 16 and a half years.[13] The attack was claimed under the acronym Animal and Tremendous Revolt/Informal Anarchist Federation (RAT/FAI) in a letter sent to the Corriere della Sera.[14] The bombing was planned with a booby-trap technique, with two explosive devices: a minor one which went off first, and a second one with a much higher potential (500 grams of black powder along with bolts, screws and stones)[15][16] timed to explode 15 minutes later to kill, according to investigators.[16][17] In the opinion of the court, it was only by luck that nobody had died.[18]
The Supreme Court of Cassation later changed the sentence to "massacre against the state", upgrading it from 20 years in prison to life without parole.[19] This crime, enacted by Mussolini was previously punished with the death penalty.[20] The FAI declared the bombing was an attack against "the infamous Italian Republic and the equally infamous anniversary of the Carabinieri. We hit the Carabinieri school in Fossano to make them understand from an early age what admiration their criminal military career provokes in us, the exploited."[21]
Cospito was moved into the restrictive 41-bis prison regime in Bancali prison in Sassari by the order of then Minister of JusticeMarta Cartabia in May 2022.[22][23] He was the first anarchist to be put into 41-bis.[12] This regime was created to stop mafia bosses communicating with their outside organizations and was later broadened to include "mafia, criminal, terrorist or subversive associations"; it involves solitary confinement for 22 hours every day, with visits restricted to one hour per month. Access to rehabilitation programs is severely limited, as much as needed to prevent communication with the criminal organisation the inmate belongs to.[24][25][26] Cospito commented "In addition to life imprisonment, given that from prison I continued to write and collaborate with the anarchist press, it was decided to shut my mouth forever with 41-bis".[27]
On 20 October 2022, Cospito began a hunger strike against the conditions of the 41-bis regime, losing almost 50 kg by 9 February.[9][28] More than 200 criminal lawyers and jurists signed a petition condemning the judicial treatment of Cospito.[9][29] In protest, anarchist groups held demonstrations in Bologna, Turin and Rome.[30][31] At the start of December a Greek anarchist group called Revenge Cell Carlo Giuliani (named after Carlo Giuliani who was killed by police during the 2001 Genoa G8 summit), set alight two empty cars of senior Italian diplomat Susanna Schlein within the garage of her private residences, leading to an unusually large media and political interest. The alleged perpetrators released a communique five days later via Athens indymedia. The communique cited the reasons around Cospito's protest against the 41-bis regime, stating "The 41 bis is a regime of political, social and sensory extermination, aimed at the complete elimination of all contact with the outside world. Comrades, no matter how much they try to bury you, we will never forget you" as well as critiquing the migration and asylum policies of the Meloni government.[32] There have also been attacks on Italian diplomatic offices in Argentina, Bolivia, Germany, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland. In response, Italian Foreign MinisterAntonio Tajani claimed that an international anarchist network was carrying out an "attack against Italy, against Italian institutions", while Interior MinisterMatteo Piantedosi repeated the need for the 41-bis regime.[33] Incarcerated anarchists Anna Beniamino, Juan Sorroche, and Ivan Alocco began hunger strikes in solidarity with Alfredo.[34] Beniamino, incarcerated in Rebibbia Prison in Rome, ended her strike after 37 days saying "I've reached my objective, to get people talking about Alfredo Cospito's condition."[35]
A political scandal developed when Giovanni Donzelli [it], coordinator of the ruling Brothers of Italy party, announced in the Chamber of Deputies that Cospito was being manipulated by incarcerated mafia members and criticised members of the Democratic Party for meeting with him. Donzelli had been leaked a video of Cospito in prison by his flatmate Andrea Delmastro Delle Vedove [it] who is the Justice Minister's state secretary. The Democratic Party called for both men to resign and Giorgia Meloni (Prime Minister and leader of the Brothers of Italy) called for calm.[28] The surveillance court in Rome rejected the appeal of Cospito against his prison conditions and Amnesty International made a plea on behalf of the human rights of Cospito.[1][4] The Supreme Court of Cassation set a date to hear his appeal against the 41-bis regime on 20 April 2023, then brought it forward to 24 February when Cospito's doctor and lawyer argued he would be dead by April.[36][37][38] At the end of January, Cospito was moved from Sardinia to Opera prison [it] in Milan on account of his deteriorating health. In February, Minister of Justice Carlo Nordio said he refused the appeal of Cospito's lawyer.[28][39] The Court of Cassation then rejected Cospito's appeal against the imposition of 41-bis. The National Bioethics Committee said it would continue to consider whether Cospito could refuse treatment.[40] After his appeal was rejected, Cospito was returned from the San Paolo hospital to the Opera prison's medical department, where he declared his intention to cease taking dietary supplements.[41] During an announcement by Cospito's lawyers that they were planning an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights,[42] they published a letter from Cospito in which he proclaimed his willingness to die in order to "let the world know what the 41 bis really is".[43]
Cospito's lawyer reported in March 2023 that while waiting on an appeal to be transferred to house arrest, Cospito had suffered a cardiac arrest, his condition stabilizing after receiving an injection of potassium.[44] This report was played down by both the court[45] and the medical staff at the hospital.[46] The supervisory courts of Milan and Sassari rejected the request for house arrest;[47][48] judges cited "the obvious danger" of releasing Cospito.[49] On 18 April 2023, the Constitutional Court ruled in favour of allowing the reduction of Cospito's sentence.[50] The following day, Cospito announced that he was stopping his hunger strike after 180 days, having lost 50 kg.[51][52][53]
In June 2023, the Turin Court of Assizes reduced the sentence on Cospito regarding the Fossano bombing from life imprisonment to 23 years.[54] Cospito commented in court "There is no evidence that we placed the bombs in Fossano [...] Anarchists do not make indiscriminate massacres, because anarchists are not the state".[55]
Selected works
(2023) I Am Ready To Die – Last letter from prison
(2017) Operation Scripta Manent – Statement to the court
(2013) From the Belly of the Leviathan – Declaration at the trial for the kneecapping of Roberto Adinolfi
^"Attentato alla scuola allievi carabinieri di Fossano: dalla Granda partì la stagione degli attentati anarchici". Targatocn.it (in Italian). 6 September 2016. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2023. La bomba a orologeria stavolta era stata piazzata in un raccoglitore dei rifiuti. Il potenziale di questultima era molto più elevato rispetto a quello dell'ordigno esploso pochi minuti prima. [This time the bomb was placed in a garbage canister. The potential of the latter was much higher than that of the device that exploded a few minutes earlier.]
^ ab"Attentato alla scuola allievi carabinieri di Fossano: dalla Granda partì la stagione degli attentati anarchici". Targatocn.it (in Italian). 6 September 2016. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2023. La mano che le ha posizionate aveva l'intenzione di colpire, di uccidere e non solo per la quantità dell'esplosivo utilizzato, ma anche per i bulloni, le viti, le pietre contenute all'interno della bomba e che al momento della deflagrazione sono stati scagliati con violenza a oltre cento metri di distanza. [The hand that placed them had the intention to strike, to kill, and not only because of the amount of the explosive used, but also because of the bolts, screws, and stones contained inside the bomb and which at the moment of the deflagration were hurled violently over a hundred meters away.]
^"Dall'attentato alla scuola carabinieri alle bombe alla Crocetta: quei nove mesi di paura firmati Fai. Gli inquirenti: "Volevano uccidere"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 6 September 2016. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023. E sempre nel 2006, a giugno, la caserma degli allievi carabinieri di Fossano, nel Cuneese, venne presa di mira: un primo ordigno, lasciato davanti al portone e poco più di un petardo, per attirare fuori i militari. Quindici minuti dopo, l'esplosione della bomba vera, posizionata a una decina di metri di distanza: cinquecento grammi di polvere nera, bulloni e biglie compressi in una scatola di ferro. [translation: And again in 2006, in June, the Carabinieri cadet school in Fossano, in the vicinity of Cuneo, was targeted: an initial device, left in front of the front door and a little more than a firecracker, to lure the soldiers out. Fifteen minutes later, the explosion of the real bomb, placed some ten meters away: five hundred grams of black powder, bolts and small spherical objects packed into an iron box.]
^"Processo ad Alfredo Cospito, chiesto l'ergastolo. Corteo degli anarchici: ferito un barista". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 5 December 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023. Non ci furono vittime, ma per la Cassazione, fu solo una casualità, vista anche la tecnica «a trappola», cioè con timer programmati a orari diversi uno dall'altro. [translation: There were no victims, but for the Court of Cassation it was just by chance, given the "trap" technique, that is, with timers programmed at different times one from the other]
^Merlo, Giulia. "Cospito, l'anarchico al 41bis che rischia l'ergastolo per una strage senza morti". www.editorialedomani.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023. Solo nel caso di Cospito e Beniamino, invece, i giudici di Cassazione hanno deciso di rinviare gli atti alla corte d'assise d'appello di Torino per un ricalcolo in peggio della pena solo per l'episodio della caserma allievi, accogliendo la richiesta della procura di riqualificare il reato in "strage politica" [...] Il reato previsto all'articolo 285, invece, è di strage "allo scopo di attentare alla sicurezza dello stato" ed è un delitto contro la personalità dello stato, punito con l'ergastolo senza alcuna variante di pena anche senza che la strage abbia provocato morti.
^Dee, E. T. C.; Portelli, Stefano (10 February 2023). "Cruel and Usual Punishment". London Review of Books. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
^"Quelle bombe del 2006 contro i carabinieri, la Cassazione: "Fu strage politica". La Stampa (in Italian). 20 October 2022. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023. [...] l'infame Repubblica italiana e l'altrettanto infame anniversario dell'Arma dei carabinieri [...] Abbiamo colpito la scuola allievi carabinieri di Fossano, per fargli capire già da piccoli quale ammirazione sollevi la loro criminale carriera tra noi sfruttati
^"Il caso dell'anarchico Cospito al 41bis e la riflessione necessaria sul nostro sistema detentivo". Valigia Blu (in Italian). 25 January 2023. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023. Il codice dell'ordinamento penitenziario vigente prevede la compresenza sia di "gravi motivi di ordine e di sicurezza pubblica" sia di reati in grado di agevolare "associazioni di tipo mafioso, criminale, terroristico o eversivo". Il fine di questo regime detentivo è quello di interrompere tutti i legami tra il detenuto e l'organizzazione di appartenenza. [The current Prison Code requires the co-presence of both "serious reasons of public order and security" and crimes capable of facilitating "mafia, criminal, terrorist or subversive associations." The purpose of this detention regime is to sever all ties between the detainee and the organization to which he belongs]"
^"Carcere duro [art. 41-bis] in "Diritto on line"". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2023. Secondo quanto stabilito nel co. 2, il regime detentivo speciale comporta le restrizioni necessarie per il soddisfacimento delle esigenze di ordine e di sicurezza e per impedire i collegamenti con le associazioni di appartenenza. Il legislatore, dunque, nel ribadire lo scopo di prevenzione della misura, ne vincola il contenuto alle sole restrizioni che si pongano con quello scopo in una relazione funzionale. [According to what is stated in section 2, the special detention regime entails the restrictions necessary for the fulfilment of the requirements of order and security and to prevent connections with the associations to which they belong. The legislature, therefore, in reaffirming the preventive purpose of the measure, binds its content to only those restrictions that stand in a functional relationship with that purpose.]
^Merlo, Giulia. "Cospito, l'anarchico al 41bis che rischia l'ergastolo per una strage senza morti". www.editorialedomani.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023. Nel corso del processo, Cospito è intervenuto con dichiarazioni spontanee: "Oltre all'ergastolo ostativo, visto che dal carcere continuavo a scrivere e collaborare alla stampa anarchica, si è deciso di tapparmi la bocca per sempre con il 41 bis"
^"Cospito, i giudici respingono i domiciliari: "Strumentale lo sciopero della fame". E ancora: "Infarto artefatto"". La Stampa (in Italian). 27 March 2023. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023. Non solo, per i giudici di Milano "l'episodio cardiaco dello scorso 21 marzo alle 11.30 sarebbe stato "artefatto"", cioè "il segnale interpretato dal monitor come un quadro di tachicardia ventricolare" è "stato ritenuto non riconducibile a tale disturbo cardiaco né tantomeno ad un infarto miocardico". [Not only that, for the Milan judges, "the cardiac episode of last March 21 at 11:30 a.m. would have been 'artifactual,'" meaning "the signal interpreted by the monitor as a picture of ventricular tachycardia" was "deemed not attributable to such a cardiac disorder nor to a myocardial infarction."]
^"Cospito «ha avuto una crisi cardiaca, potrebbero esserci danni irreversibili»". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 21 March 2023. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023. E anzi fonti mediche tendono a minimizzare quanto accaduto parlando soltanto di un momento di affaticamento subito superato con l'integratore di potassio. Del resto sono mesi ormai che le condizioni di salute di Cospito allarmano i medici senza tuttavia mai arrivare ad un livello di reale pericolo di vita. [And indeed medical sources tend to downplay what happened, speaking only of a moment of fatigue immediately overcome with the potassium supplement. After all, it has been months now that Cospito's health condition has alarmed doctors without, however, ever reaching a level of real life-threatening.]
^"Cospito condannato a 23 anni per la bomba a caserma Carabinieri". Sky TG24 (in Italian). 26 June 2023. Archived from the original on 26 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023. Non c'è nessuna prova che noi abbiamo piazzato gli ordigni a Fossano [...] Gli anarchici non fanno stragi indiscriminate, perché gli anarchici non sono lo Stato
