Alipay overtook PayPal as the world's largest mobile (digital) payment platform in 2013.[2] As of June 2020, Alipay serves over 1.3 billion users and 80 million merchants.[3] According to the statistics of the fourth quarter of 2018, Alipay has a 55.32% share of the third-party payment market in mainland China, and it continues to grow.[4][5][6]
Along with WeChat, Alipay has been described to be China’s super-app with a wide range of functionalities including ridesharing, travel booking and medical appointments.[7][8]
History
The service was first launched in 2003, by Taobao.[9][10][11] The People's Bank of China, China's central bank, issued licensing regulations in June 2010 for third-party payment providers. It also issued separate guidelines for foreign-funded payment institutions.[citation needed] Because of this, Alipay, which accounted for half of China's non-bank online payment market[citation needed], was restructured as a domestic company controlled by Alibaba CEOJack Ma in order to facilitate the regulatory approval for the license.[12]
The 2010 transfer of Alipay's ownership was controversial, with media reports in 2011 that Yahoo! and Softbank (Alibaba Group's controlling shareholders) were not informed of the sale for nominal value. Chinese business publication Century Weekly criticised Ma, who stated that Alibaba Group's board of directors was aware of the transaction.[13] The incident was criticised in foreign and Chinese media as harming foreign trust in making Chinese investments.[14] The ownership dispute was resolved by Alibaba Group, Yahoo!, and Softbank in July 2011.[15]
In 2013 Alipay launched a financial product platform called Yu'E Bao (余额宝).[16] Alipay partnered with Tianhong Asset Management to launch the it.[16] Alibaba (the parent company of Alipay) reported having 152 million Yu'e bao users in mid-2016, with 810 billion RMB (US$117 billion) in funds under management.[17] As of June 2013 the company still had what it called "a minor paperwork problem" with the China Securities Regulatory Commission, but the company said that they planned to expand the product while these are sorted out.[18]
Alipay claims it operates with more than 65 financial institutions including Visa and MasterCard[23] to provide payment services for Taobao and Tmall as well as more than 460,000 online and local Chinese businesses.
Alipay is used in smartphones with their Alipay Wallet app. QR code payment codes are used for local in-store payments.[24] The Alipay app also provides features such as credit card bill payments, bank account managements, P2P transfer, prepay mobile phone top-up, bus and train ticket purchases, food orders, vehicles for hire, insurance selections and a digital identification document storage.[25] Alipay also allows online check-out on most Chinese-based websites such as Taobao and Tmall.[26]
The Alipay app allows users to add their own services provided from different companies to create a more personalised experience.[27]
Since late-2008, Alipay has promoted public service payment services and has covered more than 300 cities nationwide, supporting more than 1,200 partner organizations.[28] In addition to utility bills such as water and electricity, Alipay also extends their services to areas such as paying transportation fines, property fees, and cable television fees.[29] Common online payment services also include hydropower coal payment, tuition payment and traffic fine.[30]
On 15 January 2009, Alipay launched a credit card repayment service, supporting 39 domestic bank-issued credit cards.[31] It is currently the most popular third-party repayment platform. The main advantages are free credit card bills checking, repayments with no administrative fee, as well as automatic repayment, repayment reminders and other value-added services.[32] In the first quarter of 2014, 76% of credit cards were also paid by Alipay Wallet.
From December 2013, several chain convenience store companies, including Meiyijia, Hongqi Chain, and Qishiduo C-STORE and 7-Eleven, have successively supported Alipay payment; in December, Beijing taxi drivers began to accept Alipay to pay the fare. Subsequently, Wanda Cinema, Joy City, Wangfujing and other large-scale retail companies as well as movie theaters, KTV, and catering companies have access to Alipay.
From March 26, 2019, the service fee will be charged for the payment of credit card through Alipay. Customers only pay the portion of the payment that exceeds 2,000 yuan at 0.1%.[33]
In November 2019, Alipay introduced Tourpass,[34] a service component that allows non-Chinese users to use its mobile payment feature by pre-loading Chinese Yuan equivalent foreign currency into the app.[35]
In 2020, Alipay used a QR code system to help in containing the COVID-19 outbreak. The health code system tags users one of three colors according to their location, basic health information and travel history.[36]
"Beauty filters" were included to Alipay's face-scan payment system in a new upgrade that was released in July 2019. The market has responded well to the "beauty filters," which make users seem better when they use the program to make payments.[37]
Foreign expansion
Outside of China, more than 300 worldwide merchants use Alipay to sell directly to consumers in China.[38] It currently supports transactions in 18 foreign currencies.
Since the launch of Alipay in the Mainland China, Ant Financial introduced a series of expansion of the services to other countries.[39][40][41][42] Other than expanding into individual countries, the system would also be integrated with online payment platform providers. Ant Group had acquired a majority stake into 2C2P, a Singapore-based provider used by merchants worldwide in April 2022, and would eventually integrate Alipay with 2C2P.[43]
In 2017, Ant Financial expanded to Hong Kong. In a joint venture with CK Hutchison, as Alipay Payment Services (HK), it launched the "AlipayHK" brand.[45] A standalone app provides features such as mobile payments and P2P transfers. All transactions are made and settled in local Hong Kong dollars.[46] The service then became available in major chain stores including McDonald's, 7-Eleven and Circle K.[47]Wet markets and other merchants were also supported.[48] From 2020 and 2021, with AlipayHK passing two million users, the service became accepted on MTR, buses and ferries.[49]
Japan
Alipay entered Japan in 2015, with network up to 38,000. Ant Financial hopes that their network in Japan could help Chinese tourists that are heading to Japan.[50]
Philippines
Alipay was introduced to the Philippines in 2018 by Asia United Bank (AUB).[51] AUB also introduced WeChat Pay, and intends to use both payment systems to cater to Chinese tourists visiting the country.[52]
Ant Financial also has invested on Mynt, the operator of the mobile service GCash which caters to the Philippine market. It helped convert GCash into a cashless mobile payment service similar to Alipay.[53]
Singapore
In 2017, Ant Financial partnered with CC Financial, a start-up company in Singapore. Alipay plans to expand its 20,000 acceptance points in Singapore, and open up their platform to Singapore banking users.[54][55]
South Korea
Alipay was introduced in South Korea in 2015, and is now available at various merchants around the country. Users can even receive an instant tax refund at four major airports in the country. In 2019, taxis in Seoul and Starbucks will accept Alipay via Kakaopay.[56][57][58]
Vietnam
Alipay entered Vietnam in 2010, with its network up to 21,000.[citation needed][clarification needed] Ant Financial hopes that their network in Vietnam could assist Chinese tourists visiting the country.[59] Currently in Vietnam, Davitrans, a proxy shipping service, is the only website in the country that accepts Alipay as one of its payment methods.
Oceania
Australia
In February 2019, Alipay and Tourism Australia announced a service to promote Australian destinations to Chinese tourists using the city of Sydney as a 12-month pilot project. The new Sydney City Card will introduce an interactive city map in the Alipay app to alert tourists to participating locations and retailers that welcome Alipay payments. A similar initiative will be trialed concurrently in Queenstown, New Zealand.[60]
North America
United States
Ant Financial has partnered with First Data in 2017.[61] It allows Alipay service to be used at point-of-sale with more than four million retail partners in United States.[62]
Canada
In 2017, Alipay partnered with SnapPay [63] to allow Canadian retailers to accept Chinese currency from Chinese shoppers. There are currently 800 merchants in Canada that supports Alipay, including most Cadillac Fairview mall locations in partnership with OTT Pay,[64] such as the flagship Eaton Center of Toronto and CF Chinook Centre in Calgary.[65][66] Air Canada began allowing transactions in Alipay to book flights from Canada and the United States beginning in August 2018, after initially rolling out the feature for booking of flights originating from China.[67]
Europe
France
Alipay partners with Silkpay[68] to enable merchants in France and other European countries to accept Alipay payments online and in-store.[69]
Iceland
Alipay has partnered with Splitit and ePassi in Iceland.[70][71]
Alipay has started cooperating with Vipps in Norway. 30 shops in Bergen are ready to receive Alipay-customers, and in January 2019 some shops in Oslo will be ready.[74]
Russia
Alipay proposed a partnership with Sberbank to provide immediate money transfers by cellphone number between Russia and China by 2022: the proposal pre-dates the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, which resulted in Visa and Mastercard suspending operations in the Russia.[75]
United Kingdom
Alipay partnered with Barclaycard in United Kingdom, bringing Alipay to UK retailers.[76]
Comparison with other payment systems
Alipay is conceptually similar to Apple Pay, WeChat Pay and PayPal because it overlays traditional card payment methods. Although users receive immediate notification of the transaction, the main difference among Alipay and an instant payment system, like Venmo or Zelle is that the funds transfer between counterparties is not immediate.[77] The settlement time depends on the payment method chosen by the customer, while for instant payment systems, the funds are transferred within seconds or minutes.
Regulatory concerns
In September 2021, the Chinese government stated its intent to dismantle the Alipay super app into separate businesses due to concerns over "systemic financial risks" as Chinese e-commerce and fintech firms had begun to amass huge troves of user data for their operations. The move essentially split Ant Group's consumer lending businesses, credit card-like Huabei and micro-loan provider Jiebei, from Alipay’s financial offerings.[78][79][80]
In November 2021, Alipay introduced a new privacy protection feature amid growing concerns over data privacy and after China's Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) came into effect on 1 November 2021. The PIPL prohibits the unnecessary collection of personal information, abuse of personal privacy, and data exchanges with overseas entities. Alipay's new feature allows users to track how the app collects data about them and is an interactive equivalent to a privacy policy, which explains how an app collects, stores, and shares user data.[81]
Alipay was banned in India (along with other Chinese apps) on 2 September 2020 by the government amid the 2020 China-India skirmish.[82][83]
^Fischer, Matthias. Fintech Business Models: Applied Canvas Method and Analysis of Venture Capital Rounds, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2021, pp. 24-25. doi:10.1515/9783110704907-020
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