All-Polish Youth
Młodzież Wszechpolska
LeaderMarcin Kowalski
SecretaryBartosz Malewski
SpokespersonArkadiusz Jabłoński
Deputy LeaderWojciech Niedzielko
Adam Wyszyński
FounderRoman Dmowski (original incarnation)
Roman Giertych (revived, current incarnation)
FoundedMarch 26, 1922 (1922-03-26) (original incarnation as the All-Polish Youth Academic Union)
December 2, 1989 (1989-12-02) (revived, current incarnation)
Dissolved1947 (original incarnation)
Headquartersul. Świderska 109 J m.19, Warsaw, 03-128
IdeologyPolish nationalism
National Democratism
National Catholicism
Ultranationalism
Political Catholicism
Hard Euroscepticism
Anti-communism
Anti-globalization
Anti-Americanism
Anti-LGBT rights
Anti-immigration
Anti-liberalism
Anti-pluralism
Anti-Zionism
Anti-Romani
Kresy myth
Drug prohibitionism
Political positionFar-right
National affiliationConfederation Liberty and Independence
ColoursBlack, Green and White
SloganYouth! Faith! Nationalism!
AnthemHymn Młodych
Party flag
Pennant of the All-Polish Youth in accordance with point 17 article 1 of the current Statute of the All-Polish Youth Association
Website
mw.org.pl
March of All-Polish Youth in 2013

The All-Polish Youth (Polish: Młodzież Wszechpolska) refers to two inter-linked Polish far-right ultranationalist[1][2][3][4][5] youth organizations, with a Catholic-nationalist philosophy. Its agenda declares that its aim is "to raise Polish youth in a Catholic and patriotic spirit".

The inter-war incarnation was created in 1922 as part of the National Democracy movement, and was modelled after the inter-war fascist movement Falanga.[6] During World War II it operated underground and was clamped down on the break of 1945/1946 by the Communist authorities.

The present incarnation was created on December 2, 1989. Its manifesto from 1989 states that "one's country is the greatest earthly good. After God, your foremost love belongs to the Homeland, and foremost after God you must serve your own country," and declares itself opposed to "doctrines promoting liberalism, tolerance, and relativism.

The All-Polish Youth was affiliated with the League of Polish Families (2001-2006), but was never officially its youth wing.[7] In the 21st century it has been a fierce opponent of LGBT rights leading it to be widely condemned as homophobic by various organisations.

The All-Polish Youth has strong alliance with National Movement party, but is independent and not part of this party.[8]

Term "All-Polish"

The term all-Polish was coined by Jan Ludwik Popławski and was synonymous to Polish nationalism as a whole.[9] It signified the struggle to unite Poland into one country (as its territory had been partitioned and seized by the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire and the country did not formally exist for 123 years). It also emphasized the importance of relations within the nation, as well as the equal status of all citizens with Polish nationality, regardless of their social and economic backgrounds.[10]

Inter-war All-Polish Youth

The organisation, properly the Academic Union "All-Polish Youth" (Związek Akademicki "Młodzież Wszechpolska"), was founded in 1922 as an ideological youth organisation with a strong nationalist sentiment,[11] and was the largest student organisation in the Second Polish Republic. The Founding Convention of the All-Polish youth took place in March 1922, with Roman Dmowski being selected honorary chairman.

The term "All-Polish" is intended to represent a desire to unify all Polish lands, and accentuate national ties and the equality of all people of Polish origin regardless of their wealth or social status. The idea for creating the organization occurred when Poland was partitioned and not officially on the world map, therefore it aimed to unite Poles from all three partitions. In the inter-war period, members of the organisation participated actively in academic life, and became the heads of many student organisations. The All-Polish Youth was the largest student organization in Poland during the 1930s. The goals of the organization were mainly focused on three issues:[12]

  1. Defending the autonomy of universities against centralising forces of the government
  2. Campaigning for lower tuition fees
  3. Limitation of non-Polish, especially Jewish students, from higher education

All-Polish Youth was the least radical of organizations of the National Democracy camp.[13] Nevertheless, some of its members praised Mussolini and his Italian fascism for its hardline stances towards the left and realisation of "national revolution".[14] Part of the members, including Jędrzej Giertych, also praised Hitler's Germany[15] economical changes, but understood that it is with the contradiction with Polish national interests and changed his views a year after NSDAP obtained power in Germany.[16] According to Jan Mosdorf, a pre-war chairman of All-Polish Youth who was murdered in Auschwitz, the organization was against fascists and Hitlerites.[17] Some Members of the All-Polish Youth also praised authoritarian regimes of the Mediterranean, Salazar's Portugal and Franco's Spain.[citation needed]

They also favoured economically boycotting the Jews and limiting their access to higher education (numerus clausus).[18][19] The All-Polish Youth also actively campaigned for ghetto benches, segregated seating for Jewish students.[20]

Modern days

All-Polish Youth on 2015 March of Independence
All-Polish Youth in 2022.

The modern incarnation[citation needed] of the All-Polish Youth was founded in Poznań in 1989, on the initiative of Roman Giertych, the former leader of the League of Polish Families (LPR). Continuing the tradition of its precursors,[citation needed][clarification needed] the organisation maintains its aim of raising youth with their ideology, and operates across all of Poland, working with high-school and university students.[21][22] Following the incident, Leokadia Wiącek was expelled from All-Polish Youth,[23] and the League of Polish Families cut ties with the group.[24] As it was later determined, during the private party Leokodia Wącek was not a member of the organisation and the main Polish television channel Telewizja Polska apologized to All-Polish Youth for accusing them of neo-nazi connotations.[25]

All-Polish Youth have declared that it is only by making Poland a Catholic state that its future will be secured, and chairman Konrad Bonisławski has stated "We do not want to become like Holland with its free drugs and gay marriage. Since joining the European Union we have seen attempts to destroy our Catholic values."[26]

All-Polish Youth have gained considerable press coverage due to their staunch opposition of abortion and, particularly, homosexuality (which their website condemns as "unnatural behaviour" and describes gay rights marches as "militant homosexualism").[27] This has led to (sometimes violent) clashes with pro-choice and gay rights demonstrators.

All-Polish Youth have been widely condemned as homophobic by various organisations including Amnesty International,[28] Human Rights Watch,[29] and even the United Nations (which, in their Universal Periodic Review, describes All-Polish Youth as an "extremist homophobic grouping"),[30] as well as a multitude of gay rights organisations such as OutRage! and the Polish Campaign Against Homophobia. In 2004, 2005, and 2006, All-Polish Youth members and sympathizers violently attacked people who were taking part in pro-gay demonstrations, throwing eggs, bottles and rocks at them,[31][32] and were reported to have shouted "Send the fags to the hospital", "Perverts, get out of Kraków", "Let's gas the fags" and "We'll do to you what Hitler did to the Jews".[29]

From 2012 onwards, the organisation has been heavily involved in playing a major role as part of the National Movement party, a party which the organisation was one of the several co-founders.

In January 2019, the organisation's leader from 2015 to 2016, Adam Andruszkiewicz, was appointed as Poland's deputy minister for digital affairs.[33]

Former member (joined 2000), Lubusz chapter leader (2003–2004) and chairman (2005 and 2006) Krzysztof Bosak became the Confederate Party candidate for the presidential election 2020 after winning the presidential primaries held at the party convention in Warsaw on January 18, 2020.[34]

In August 2019, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination called the Polish government to delegalize and criminalize All-Polish Youth (along with several others) for promoting and inciting racial discrimination.[35]

Idea

All-Polish Youth during 2018 Independence March

The All-Polish Youth is a nationalist and Catholic organization. It states that it recognizes God as the highest of all universal principles and deems the Catholic Church as the nation's mentor and the only way of pursuing holiness. Members of the All-Polish Youth highlight the purported need to ensure due respect to the Church, as well as its position within the State.[36] According to the organization's 1989 manifesto, they claim that the Catholic ethic should be irrevocable both in public and private spheres of life. The organization advocates for the development of the Catholic State of the Polish Nation which should "become a pillar of the Western culture based upon Christian principles". The All-Polish Youth considers the notion of a nation to be understood as "a community united by faith, history, culture, land, speech, and customs, to be the most prominent of the earthly values".[36]

The All-Polish Youth perceives the state as a necessary form of social coexistence, which politically engages the nation's members, and argues that its improvement should be permanently cared for. According to the organization, family means "oneness of faith and blood and is supposed to be a keystone of tradition and mores". Members of the All-Polish Youth believe that family should be protected from what they describe as "moral threats", and that families shall should receive support in both (undefined) material and spiritual respect. They claim that culture should be “a spiritual right of the nation's life and a proof of spirit's superiority over materiality and that it shall be cared for and maintained as such".[36]

The All-Polish Youth opposes “doctrines which preach arbitrariness,” such as liberalism, relativism and tolerance. The organization is characterized by hard Euroscepticism. Its members claim to stand for national solidarity and disapprove of class warfare. In terms of economy, it approves of common private ownership and denounces buyout of national wealth by foreign capital.

Activity

Campaign “I Love Poland”

According to its statute, the All-Polish Youth is a community-minded organization aimed at rearing its members, most of them being high school or university students, using nationalist and Catholic virtues. The All-Polish Youth is the mastermind or co-organizer of such periodically reoccurring initiatives as:[37]

The All-Polish Youth was one of the initiators of the event. It regularly participates in the manifestation that has been increasingly associated with far-right extremism. In 2021, far-right activists and groups from Hungary, Estonia, Belarus, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, USA and Portugal joined the event and joined the “Nationalistic Column” formed by Polish far-right organizations and movements, including but not limited to: “Trzecia Droga”, “Szturmowcy”, Autonomiczni Nacjonaliści, the National Radical Camp (ONR), All-Polish Youth, National Rebirth of Poland (NOP).[38][39][40][41]

The All-Polish Youth publishes their own magazine titled Wszechpolak (a word formed from the organization's name, referring to an active member of it) and runs their own web portal Narodowcy.net. It also used to organize a March of Tradition and Culture (Polish: Marsz Tradycji i Kultury) as a way of expressing discontent with LGBT organizations and their manifestations. Additionally, the All-Polish Youth initiated such happenings as "A Polish flag in a Polish household" (Polish: "Polska flaga w polskim domu") and "School Strike" (Polish: "Strajk szkolny"; a protest against limiting the syllabus on history lessons during the second Cabinet of Donald Tusk).[37][47]

Leaders

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Transformations in Central Europe between 1989 and 2012: Geopolitical, Cultural, and Socioeconomic Shifts. Tomas Kavaliauskas. Lexington Books. 2012. ISBN 9780739174111. Chapter 4, page 60.
  2. ^ The Place of Artists' Cinema: Space, Site, and Screen. Maeve Connolly. Intellect Books. 2009. Page 122. ISBN 9781841503295
  3. ^ "Polacy na prawo od Jarosława Kaczyńskiego" ("Poles to the right of Jarosław Kaczyński"). Onet.pl News, 8 September 2016. Retrieved from: https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/ruchy-skrajnie-prawicowe-moga-stac-sie-rywalami-pis/9wzdy4
  4. ^ "Ultranacjonaliści uczczą antysemickie zamieszki" "(Ultranationalists are celebrating anti-semitic riots)". Gazeta Wyborcza, 15 July 2005. Retrieved from: https://wyborcza.pl/1,75248,2821469.html?disableRedirects=true
  5. ^ Polska brunatnieje. Tygodnik Przegląd, 5 February 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.tygodnikprzeglad.pl/polska-brunatnieje/
  6. ^ Michael Minkenberg (2017). The Radical Right in Eastern Europe: Democracy under Siege?. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-137-56332-3.
  7. ^ "Młodzież Wszechpolska: LPR nie może nas rozwiązać". Gazeta.pl Wiadomości (in Polish). 26 October 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  8. ^ Bartosiewicz, Rafał. "Czy Młodzież Wszechpolska jest częścią Konfederacji?". Narodowa Łódź (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-07-15.
  9. ^ Chodakiewicz, Marek; Mysiakowa-Muszyńska, Jolanta; Muszyński, Wojciech (2015). Polska dla Polaków! Kim byli i są polscy narodowcy. Zysk i S-ka. p. 47.
  10. ^ "Słowo wstępne". Przegląd Wszechpolski: 4. 1 January 1895.
  11. ^ Wapiński 1980, 238.
  12. ^ Kulińska 2000, 36-37.
  13. ^ Jacek Misztal, “Związek Akademicki Młodzież Wszechpolska 1922-1939, p. 164.″
  14. ^ Wapiński 1980, 243-244
  15. ^ Wapiński 1980, 317.
  16. ^ Jacek Misztal, “Związek Akademicki Młodzież Wszechpolska 1922-1939, p. 94.″
  17. ^ Mateusz Kotas, "Jan Mosdorf. Filozof, ideolog, polityk, p. 45."
  18. ^ Wapiński 1980, 239.
  19. ^ Jacek Misztal, “Związek Akademicki Młodzież Wszechpolska 1922-1939, p. 23″
  20. ^ Joanna Beata Michlic, Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present, University of Nebraska Press, 2006, ISBN 0-8032-3240-3, p. 113.
  21. ^ "EJP | News | Eastern Europe | 'All-Polish Youth' Nazi movie generates controversy". Archived from the original on 2009-03-31. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
  22. ^ "Nazistowskie wybryki Młodzieży Wszechpolskiej - Polityka - Dziennik.pl". Archived from the original on 2009-06-19. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  23. ^ "Wiadomości z kraju i ze świata – wszystko co ważne – WP".
  24. ^ Warsaw Voice - LPR Ditches All-Polish Youth (20 Dec 2006)
  25. ^ TVP Polish Television Evening News (02 Aug 2007)
  26. ^ Daily Telegraph - Ghetto survivor warns of Polish 'fascism' (24 June 2006)
  27. ^ "All-Polish Youth website - Demonstration March 2007". Archived from the original on 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  28. ^ Amnesty International Report 2006 - Poland (archived by UNHRC, United Nations Refugee Agency)
  29. ^ a b "Poland: Official Homophobia Threatens Human Rights | Human Rights Watch". 2006-02-14. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  30. ^ UN Human Rights Council - Universal Periodic Review, Annual Report 2005 (page 6) Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ BBC News Report, 28 April 2006
  32. ^ Human Rights Watch (Scott Long) 14 Feb 2006
  33. ^ "Far-right Polish official steps back from radical comments". Associated Press. 4 January 2019.
  34. ^ Białczyk, oprac Piotr (2020-01-18). "Wybory prezydenckie 2020. Konfederacja wyłoniła kandydata na prezydenta". wiadomosci.wp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  35. ^ Concluding observations on the combined twenty-second to twenty-fourth periodic reports of Poland Archived 2020-11-01 at the Wayback Machine, Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (advance unedited version), August 29, 2019
  36. ^ a b c Kulińska, Lucyna (2004). Związek Akademicki Młodzież Wszechpolska i Młodzież Wielkiej Polski w latach 1922-1947 (struktury, funkcjonowanie, i główni działacze). Ars Polityka.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  37. ^ a b "Nasze akcje". mw.org.pl.
  38. ^ Sepioło, Mariusz (17 December 2021). "Nazizm pod flagą biało-czerwoną". frontstory.pl.
  39. ^ "Marsz Niepodległości 2021: Nacjonalistyczna kolumna - ONR - Obóz Naro…". 12 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2022-04-26. Retrieved 2022-06-25.((cite web)): CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  40. ^ Ciobanu, Claudia (11 November 2019). "Poland's Independence March. A 'litmus test' of far-right support". balkaninsight.com.
  41. ^ Charlish, Alan (11 November 2020). "Far-right Polish Independence Day march draws thousands despite ban". reuters.com.
  42. ^ Matlak, Joanna (14 February 2016). ""Kocham Polskę od pokoleń". Kampania Młodzieży Wszechpolskiej w kontrze do Walentynek". radio.opole.pl.
  43. ^ "Ogólnopolska kampania społeczna "Kocham Polskę" 2016". mw.org.pl. 18 February 2016.
  44. ^ Walczak, Piotr (19 December 2017). "Kupuj Polskie - ruszyła kampania społeczna w okresie przedświątecznym". Portal Dzień Dobry Białystok. Archived from the original on 2020-06-10. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
  45. ^ Gawle, Artur (8 March 2016). "Tarnów. Pikieta antyfeministyczna "W imieniu dam" [ZDJĘCIA]" (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2020-06-10.
  46. ^ "W Imieniu Dam: "Stajemy w obronie prawdy i miłości" [WIDEO]". medianarodowe.com. 8 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  47. ^ Szacki, Wojciech (21 April 2016). "Robert Winnicki – lider Wszechpolaków". polityka.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2019-04-30.

References

External links

Political parties and political associations in Poland
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