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((Short description|1969 music festival in northern California))
((more citations needed|date=December 2017))<!--many paragraphs have no citations, especially "Security" and "Situation deteriorates" sections; set list also is not cited-->
((infobox music festival
| music_festival_name = Altamont Speedway Free Festival
| location = [[Altamont Raceway Park|Altamont Speedway]],<br>[[Tracy, California]], U.S.
| founders = [[Jorma Kaukonen]], [[Spencer Dryden]], [[Grateful Dead]]<ref>((cite book|title=Grace Slick, a Biography|author=Barbara Rowes|page=155))</ref>
| dates = ((start date and age|1969|12|06|p=yes))
| genre = [[Rock music|Rock]] and [[Folk music|folk]], including<br>[[blues-rock]], [[folk rock]], [[jazz fusion]], [[Chicano rock|latin rock]], [[country rock]], and [[psychedelic rock]] styles.
| attendance = 300,000 ''(estimated)''<ref name=chitrib3h>((cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/12/07/page/1/article/300-000-jam-musical-bash|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|title=300,000 jam musical bash|date=December 7, 1969|page=1, sec. 1))</ref>
))
<!-- we know where California is ((Location map
|USA
|relief   = 1
|label    = <small>Altamont<br>Speedway</small>
|lat      = 37.738
|long     = -121.563
|caption  = Location in the [[United States]]
|marksize = 5
|float    =
|background =
|width    = 230
))((Use American English|date = October 2019))
((Use mdy dates|date = October 2019)) -->

((Location map
|USA California
|relief   = 1
|label    = <small>Altamont<br>Speedway</small>
|lat      = 37.738
|long     = -121.563
|caption  = Location in [[California]]
|marksize = 5
|float    =
|background =
|width    = 200
))
The '''Altamont Speedway Free Festival''' was a [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] [[rock concert]] in the [[United States]], held on Saturday, December 6, 1969, at the [[Altamont Raceway Park|Altamont Speedway]] outside of [[Tracy, California]].<ref name=chitrib3h/><ref name=rfjfwtrf>((cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-eYRAAAAIBAJ&pg=7307%2C2326828|work=Spokesman-Review|location=(Spokane, Washington)|agency=Associated Press|title=Rockfest jams freeway traffic|date=December 7, 1969|page=2))</ref><ref name=benbul8>((cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LAJYAAAAIBAJ&pg=3201%2C983078 |work=The Bulletin |location=(Bend, Oregon) |agency=UPI |title=Biggest rock concert ends |date=December 8, 1969 |page=7))</ref><ref name=outast>((cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kXwzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4DIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4739%2C6027593|work=Lodi News-Sentinel|location=(California)|agency=SJNS|last=Craig|first=Pat|title=Out of sight, man! 300,000 at bash|date=December 8, 1969|page=1))</ref> Approximately 300,000 attended the concert,<ref name="chitrib3h" /><ref name="benbul8" /><ref name=outast/> with some anticipating that it would be a "Woodstock [[West Coast of the United States|West]]".<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.livermorehistory.com/Newsletters/2010_03-04_MarApr.pdf|title=Altamont Rock Festival: '60s Abruptly End|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226045553/http://www.livermorehistory.com/Newsletters/2010_03-04_MarApr.pdf|archive-date=2011-12-26|work=Livermore Heritage Guild Journal|date=March–April 2010))</ref> The [[Woodstock]] festival had taken place in [[Bethel, New York]], in mid-August, almost four months earlier.

The event is remembered for its use of [[Hells Angels]] as security and its significant violence, including the stabbing [[death of Meredith Hunter]] and three accidental deaths: two from a [[Hit and run (vehicular)|hit-and-run]] car accident, and one from an [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]]-induced drowning in an irrigation canal.<ref name="benbul8" /><ref name=outast/> Scores were injured, numerous cars were stolen (and subsequently abandoned), and there was extensive property damage.<ref>((cite web|last=Ortega|first=Tony|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/archives/2010/08/in_the_wake_of_1.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701173943/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/archives/2010/08/in_the_wake_of_1.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-01|title=Viewing the Remains of a Mean Saturday Village Voice December 18, 1969|work=Village Voice|date=2010-08-24|access-date=2010-10-25 ))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.livermorehistory.com/Newsletters/2011-01-02_Jan_Feb.pdf|title=Altamont Rock Festival of 1969: The Aftermath|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226044007/http://www.livermorehistory.com/Newsletters/2011-01-02_Jan_Feb.pdf|archive-date=2011-12-26|work=Livermore Heritage Guild Journal|date=January–February 2011))</ref>

The concert featured performances (in order of appearance) by [[Santana (band)|Santana]], [[Jefferson Airplane]], [[the Flying Burrito Brothers]], and [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]] (CSNY), with the [[Rolling Stones]] taking the stage as the final act.<ref name="lib">((cite magazine|author1=Bangs, Lester|author2=Brown, Reny|author3=Burks, John|author4=Egan, Sammy|author5=Goodwin, Michael|author6=Link, Geoffrey|author7=Marcus, Greil|author8=Morthland, John|author9=Schoenfeld, Eugene|author10=Thomas, Patrick|author11=Winner, Langdon|title=The Rolling Stones Disaster at Altamont: Let It Bleed|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=21 January 1970|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-rolling-stones-disaster-at-altamont-let-it-bleed-19700121|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-date=June 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615224459/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-rolling-stones-disaster-at-altamont-let-it-bleed-19700121|url-status=dead))</ref> The [[Grateful Dead]] were also scheduled to perform after CSNY, but shortly before their scheduled appearance, they chose not to due to the increasing violence at the venue.<ref>((cite magazine |last=Lydon |first=Michael |title=An Evening with the Grateful Dead |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=September 1970))</ref> "That's the way things went at Altamont—so badly that the Grateful Dead, the prime organizers and movers of the festival, didn't even get to play," wrote staff at ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine in a detailed narrative on the event,<ref>((cite magazine|title=The Rolling Stones Disaster at Altamont: Let It Bleed|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=21 January 1970|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/the-rolling-stones-disaster-at-altamont-let-it-bleed-71299/|access-date=4 May 2019))</ref> terming it, in an additional follow-up piece, "rock and roll's all-time worst day, December 6th, a day when everything went perfectly wrong."<ref name="rrwd">((cite magazine|last=Burks|first=John|title=Rock & Roll's Worst Day|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=7 February 1970|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5934386/rock__rolls_worst_day|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314073233/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5934386/rock__rolls_worst_day|archive-date=14 March 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2013))</ref>

Filmmakers [[Albert and David Maysles]] shot footage of the event and incorporated it into the [[1970 in film|1970]] documentary film titled ''[[Gimme Shelter (1970 film)|Gimme&nbsp;Shelter]]''.<ref name="Larkin">((cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=1997|edition=Concise|isbn=1-85227-745-9|page=35))</ref>

==Background==
===Jefferson Airplane-centered narrative===
According to [[Jefferson Airplane]]'s [[Spencer Dryden]], the idea for "a kind of Woodstock West" began when he and bandmate [[Jorma Kaukonen]] discussed the staging of a free concert with the Grateful Dead and Rolling Stones in [[Golden Gate Park]]. Referring to the Stones, Dryden said, "Next to the [[Beatles]] they were the biggest rock and roll band in the world, and we wanted them to experience what we were experiencing in [[San Francisco]]."

As plans were being finalized, Jefferson Airplane were on the road, and by early December they were in Florida, believing the concert plans for Golden Gate Park were proceeding. But by December 4, the plans had broken down, in [[Paul Kantner]]'s account, because the city and police departments were unhelpful; innate conflict between the hippies of [[Haight-Ashbury]] and the police was manifested in obstructiveness. [[Sonoma Raceway]] was then the venue,<ref name=scgsrs>((cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=j3wzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4DIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=7360%2C5922689 |work=Lodi News-Sentinel |location=(California) |agency=UPI |title=Sonoma County girds for Rolling Stones |date=December 5, 1969 |page=12))</ref> but its owners wanted $100,000 in [[escrow]] from the Rolling Stones.<ref name=revmnnt>((cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kHwzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4DIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=7378%2C5993159 |work=Lodi News-Sentinel |location=(California) |agency=UPI |title=Rock music event is moved, now near Tracy |date=December 6, 1969 |page=9))</ref>

At the last moment, Dick Carter offered his Altamont Speedway in eastern [[Alameda County]] for the festival.<ref name=revmnnt/> Jefferson Airplane flew out of [[Miami]] on December 5. Kantner said the location was taken in a spirit of desperation: "There was no way to control it, no supervision or order." According to [[Grace Slick]], "The vibes were bad. Something was very peculiar, not particularly bad, just real peculiar. It was that kind of hazy, abrasive and unsure day. I had expected the loving vibes of Woodstock but that wasn't coming at me. This was a whole different thing."<ref>''Grace Slick, Biography'', Barbara Rowes, pp. 155-157</ref>

===Rolling Stones/Grateful Dead-centered narrative===
During the Rolling Stones' [[The Rolling Stones American Tour 1969|1969 U.S. tour]], many (including journalists) felt that the ticket prices were far too high. In answer to this criticism, the Rolling Stones decided to end their tour with a free concert in San Francisco.

The concert was originally scheduled to be held at [[San Jose State University]]'s practice field, as there had recently been a three-day outdoor free festival there with 52 bands and 80,000 attendees. Dirt Cheap Productions was asked to help secure the property again for the Rolling Stones and Grateful Dead to play a free concert. The Stones and the Dead were told the city of [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] was not in the mood for another large concert and the grounds were out of bounds. Golden Gate Park in San Francisco was next on the list. However, a previously scheduled [[1969 Chicago Bears season|Chicago Bears]]–[[1969 San Francisco 49ers season|San Francisco 49ers]] football game at [[Kezar Stadium]], located in Golden Gate Park, made that venue impractical, and permits were never issued for the concert. The venue was then changed to the [[Sonoma Raceway|Sears Point Raceway]] near [[Sonoma, California|Sonoma]].<ref name=scgsrs/> However, a dispute with Sears Point's owner, [[Filmways, Inc.]], arose over a $300,000((cn|date=July 2021)) up-front cash deposit from the Rolling Stones and film distribution rights, so the festival was moved once again. The Altamont Raceway, just outside of [[Tracy, California|Tracy]], was chosen at the suggestion of its owner, local businessman Dick Carter. The concert was to take place on Saturday, December 6; the location was switched on the night of Thursday, December 4.<ref name=outast/><ref name=revmnnt/> 

In making preparations, Grateful Dead manager [[Rock Scully]] and concert organizer [[Michael Lang (producer)|Michael Lang]] helicoptered over the site before making the selection, much as Lang had done when the [[Woodstock Festival]] was moved at the last moment from [[Wallkill, Orange County, New York|Wallkill]] to [[Bethel, New York]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sWCRWJnTTF8C&dq=Michael+Lang+Altamont&pg=PA343 ''Inside History of the Grateful Dead''] by Dennis McNally - Broadway (August 12, 2003) ((ISBN|0-7679-1186-5))</ref>

The hasty move resulted in numerous logistical problems, including a lack of facilities such as [[portable toilet]]s and medical tents. The move also created a problem for the stage design; instead of being on top of a rise, which characterized the geography at Sears Point, at Altamont the stage would now be at the bottom of a slope. The Rolling Stones' stage manager on the 1969 tour, [[Chip Monck]], explained that "the stage was one metre high – 39 inches for us – and [at Sears Point] it was on the top of a hill, so all the audience pressure was back upon them".<ref name="curry">Curry, David. 'Deadly Day for the Rolling Stones'. ''The Canberra Times''. December 5, 2009.</ref> Because of the short notice for the change of location, the stage could not be changed. "We weren't working with scaffolding, we were working in an older fashion with parallels. You could probably have put another stage below it...but nobody had one," Monck said.<ref name="curry" />

Because the stage was so low, members of the [[Hells Angels]] motorcycle club, led by [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] chapter head [[Ralph "Sonny" Barger]], were asked to surround the stage to provide security.<ref name="gimmeshelter">((cite video |people=The Rolling Stones |title=Gimme Shelter |type=DVD released 2000 |publisher=Criterion |date=1970 |display-authors=etal))</ref><ref name="saloncom">((cite web|last=Sragow |first=Michael |title=Gimme Shelter: The True Story |url=http://archive.salon.com/ent/col/srag/2000/08/10/gimme_shelter/index.html |date=August 10, 2000 |work=Salon.com |access-date=2009-07-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428064145/http://archive.salon.com/ent/col/srag/2000/08/10/gimme_shelter/index.html |archive-date=April 28, 2009 ))</ref>

==Security==
By some accounts, the Hells Angels were hired as security by the management of the Rolling Stones, on the recommendation of the Grateful Dead and Jefferson Airplane (who both had previously used the Angels for security at performances without incident),<ref>((cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/the-rolling-stones/news/artists/14845/87369/87433 |title=The Rolling Stones |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=2010-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104165015/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/the-rolling-stones/news/artists/14845/87369/87433 |archive-date=4 November 2010 |url-status=dead ))</ref><ref name="miller">Miller, James.''Flowers in the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock and Roll, 1947–1977''. Simon & Schuster (1999), pp. 275–277. ((ISBN|0-684-80873-0)).</ref> for $500 worth of beer. This story has been denied by some parties who were directly involved. According to the [[road manager]] of the Rolling Stones' 1969 US Tour, [[Sam Cutler]], "the only agreement there ever was ... the Angels would make sure nobody tampered with the generators, but that was the extent of it. But there was no way 'They're going to be the police force' or anything like that. That's all [[bollocks]]."<ref name="m344">McNally, p. 344</ref> The deal was made at a meeting including Cutler, Grateful Dead manager Rock Scully, and Pete Knell, a member of the Hells Angels' San Francisco chapter.<ref name="curry" /> According to Cutler, the arrangement was that all the bands were supposed to share the $500 beer cost, "[but] the person who paid it was me, and I never got it back, to this day."<ref name="curry"/>

Hells Angels member Bill "Sweet William" Fritsch recalled this exchange he had with Cutler at a meeting prior to the concert, in which Cutler had asked them to provide security:

<blockquote>We don't police things. We're not a security force. We go to concerts to enjoy ourselves and have fun.

Well, what about helping people out—you know, giving directions and things?

Sure, we can do that.</blockquote>

When Cutler asked how they would like to be paid, William replied, "We like beer."<ref name="m344"/> In the documentary ''Gimme Shelter'', Sonny Barger states that the Hells Angels were not interested in policing the event, and that organizers had told him that the Angels would be required to do little more than sit on the edge of the stage, drink beer, and make sure there were not any murders or rapes occurring.

In 2009, Cutler explained his decision to use the Angels. 
<blockquote>I was talking with them, because I was interested in the security of my band—everyone's security, for that matter. In the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king. They were the only people who were strong and together. [They had to protect the stage] because it was descending into absolute chaos. Who was going to stop it?<ref name="curry" /></blockquote> 
Grateful Dead manager Rock Scully said that if the Angels hadn't been on the stage, <blockquote>that whole crowd could have easily passed out, and rolled down onto the stage. There was no barrier.<ref name="curry" /></blockquote>

Stefan Ponek, who helped organize the event, hosted a December 7, 1969, [[KYLD#KSAN|KSAN]]-FM radio broadcast of a four-hour, "day after" post-concert telephone call-in forum, provided the following for the 2000 release (the four-hour recording is included) of the ''[[Gimme Shelter (1970 film)|Gimme Shelter]]'' DVD: 
<blockquote>What we learned in the broadcast was pretty much startling: These guys—the Angels—had been hired and paid with $500 of beer, on a truck with ice, to essentially bring in the Stones and keep people off the stage. That was the understanding, that was the deal. And it seemed like there was not a lot of disagreement over that; that seemed to emerge as a fact, because it became rather apparent that the Stones didn't know what kind of people they were dealing with.</blockquote>

The ''Gimme Shelter'' DVD contains extensive excerpts from that broadcast. A Hells Angels member who identified himself as "Pete, from Hells Angels San Francisco" (most likely Pete Knell, president of the San Francisco chapter), says "they offered us $500 worth of beer [to] go there and take care of the stage ... we took this $500 worth of beer to do it." Sonny Barger, who also called into the KSAN forum, states: "We were told by one of the [other Hells Angels] clubs if we showed up down there [and] sat on the stage and drink some beer ... that the Stones manager or somebody had bought for us." In his lengthy call, Barger mentions the beer deal yet again: 
<blockquote>I ain't no cop, I ain't never going to ever pretend to be no cop. I didn't go there to police nothing, man. They told me if I could sit on the edge of the stage so nobody could climb over me, I could drink beer until the show was over. And that's what I went there to do.</blockquote>

A woman who called in to the program revealed that she had seen at least five fist fights from her vantage point near the stage and that the Angels were involved in all of them. She also described a general uncaring attitude toward people who clearly needed help; a girl who was dragged across the stage by her hair, another who was on a bad [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|acid]] trip and bystanders kicked and walked on her. She said she felt having the Angels as "security" was an irresponsible move because "we were all in terror of them". When she tried to speak about this at the concert, she was warned to be quiet by the people around her, for fear of being beaten. At this point, KSAN's [[Scoop Nisker]] mentioned the [[bystander effect]] and the [[murder of Kitty Genovese]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUlyVSfhgaM KSAN post-Altamont broadcast], December 7, 1969. 90-minute excerpt from the original four-hour broadcast, taken from the ''Gimme Shelter'' DVD, found on YouTube 2017/01/01.</ref>

[[Emmett Grogan]] (founder of the radical community-action group the [[Diggers (theater)|Diggers]]), who was intimately involved in the organization of the event (especially at the two earlier-planned venues), confirmed the $500 beer arrangement on that same KSAN forum with Ponek.

"Pete" also tells host Ponek that the Angels were hired by Cutler because of some rowdy, anxious on-stage incidents during the Stones' Oakland and Miami concerts weeks earlier. As security guards, Pete said "we ain't into that security", but that they agreed after the beer offer. He also claimed that, other than being told to "just keep people off the stage," Cutler gave the Hells Angels very little specific instructions for stage security: "They didn't say nothing to us about any of that." And although the Angels are not security guards, "If we say we're going to do something, we do it. If we decide to do it, it's done. No matter what, how far we have to go to do it." The similar lack of detailed security instructions by the concert's management was also mentioned by Barger during his telephone call-in.

Altamont Speedway owner Dick Carter had hired hundreds of professional, plainclothes security guards, ostensibly more for the purpose of protecting his property rather than for the safety and well-being of the concertgoers. Barger mentions these guards, as identified by their wearing of "little white buttons".

Political scientist and cultural critic [[James Miller (academic)|James Miller]] believes that since [[Ken Kesey]] had invited the Hells Angels to one of his outdoor [[Acid Tests]], the hippies had viewed the bikers unrealistically, idealizing them as "[[noble savage]]s"<ref name="miller"/> and thus "outlaw brothers of the counterculture".<ref>"Ever since Ken Kesey had invited the motorcycle gang to one of his outdoor LSD bashes, the bikers had been widely regarded as noble savages, barbarians, perhaps, but the best imaginable guardians for the gates of Eden. And at Monterey, a splendid time was guaranteed for all," James Miller, ''Flowers in the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock and Roll, 1947–1977'' (1999), 275–76.</ref> Miller also maintains that the Rolling Stones may have been misled by their experience with a British contingent of self-described "Hells Angels", a non-outlaw group of admirers of American biker gear who had provided nonviolent security at a free Stones concert earlier that year in [[Hyde Park, London]].<ref name="miller" /> Cutler, however, denies ever having had any illusions about the true nature of Californian Hells Angels. "That's another canard foisted on the world by the press", he said,<ref name="curry" /> but Rock Scully remembers explaining to the Stones what the "real" Angels were like after watching the Hyde Park concert.<ref name="curry" />

==Situation deteriorates==
The first act on the stage, [[Santana (band)|Santana]], gave a performance that generally went smoothly; however, over the course of the day, the mood of both the crowd and the Angels became progressively agitated and violent. The Angels had been drinking their free beer all day in front of the stage, and most were very drunk. The crowd had also become antagonistic and unpredictable, attacking each other, the Angels, and the performers. A Mick Jagger biographer, [[Anthony Scaduto]], in ''Mick Jagger: Everybody's Lucifer'', wrote that the only time the crowd seemed to calm down to any degree was during a set by the country-rocking [[The Flying Burrito Brothers|Flying Burrito Brothers]]. However, Denise Jewkes, lead singer of the local San Francisco rock band [[The Ace of Cups]], six months pregnant, was hit in the head by an empty beer bottle thrown from the crowd and suffered a [[skull fracture]]. ((Citation needed span|text=The Stones later paid for all of Jewkes' ambulance and medical services.|date=October 2023)) The Angels proceeded to arm themselves with sawed-off [[pool cue]]s and motorcycle chains to drive the crowd further back from the stage.

After the crowd (perhaps accidentally) toppled one of the Angels' motorcycles, the Angels became even more aggressive, including toward the performers. [[Marty Balin]] of Jefferson Airplane jumped off the stage to try to sort out the problem, only to be punched in the head and knocked unconscious by an Angel during the band's set. When Jefferson Airplane guitarist Paul Kantner sarcastically thanked the Angels for knocking the singer out, Angel Bill Fritsch took hold of a microphone and argued with him about it. The Grateful Dead had been scheduled to play between Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, and the Rolling Stones, but after hearing about the Balin incident from Santana drummer [[Michael Shrieve]], they refused to play and left the venue, citing the quickly degenerating security situation.

During Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young's set, [[Stephen Stills]] was reported to be repeatedly stabbed in the leg by a "stoned-out" Hells Angel, with a sharpened bicycle spoke.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.houstonpress.com/music/inside-altamont-new-book-looks-back-at-rocks-darkest-day-8690359|title=Inside Altamont: New Book Looks Back at Rock's "Darkest Day"|last=Ruggiero|first=Bob|date=2016-08-24|website=Houston Press|access-date=2019-09-20))</ref>

By the time the Rolling Stones took the stage in the early evening, the mood had taken a decidedly ugly turn as numerous fights had erupted between Angels and crowd members and within the crowd itself. 

The Rolling Stones waited until sundown to perform. [[Stanley Booth]] stated that part of the reason for the delay was that [[Bill Wyman]] had missed the helicopter ride to the venue.<ref name="booth-true">((cite book |last=Booth |first=Stanley |title=The True Adventures of the Rolling Stones |publisher=A Capella Books |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-55652-400-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/trueadventuresof00boot |edition=2nd ))</ref> When the Stones began their set, a tightly packed group of between 4,000 and 5,000 people were jammed to the very edge of the stage, and many attempted to climb onto it.<ref>''The Capital'', April 20, 1970</ref>

== Killing of Meredith Hunter ==
((Main|Killing of Meredith Hunter))

Rolling Stones lead singer [[Mick Jagger]], who had already been punched in the head by a concertgoer within seconds of emerging from his helicopter,<ref name="gimmeshelter"/><ref name="saloncom"/> was visibly intimidated by the unruly situation and urged everyone to, "Just be cool down in the front there, don't push around." During the third song, "[[Sympathy for the Devil]]", a fight erupted in the front of the crowd at the foot of the stage, prompting the Stones to pause their set while the Angels restored order. After a lengthy pause and another appeal for calm, the band restarted the song and continued their set with less incident until the start of "[[Under My Thumb]]". At this point, some of the Hells Angels got into a scuffle with [[Death of Meredith Hunter|Meredith Hunter]], age 18, when he attempted to get onstage with other fans.((citation needed|date=March 2014)) One of the Hells Angels grabbed Hunter's head, punched him, and chased him back into the crowd. ((citation needed|date=January 2022)) After a minute's pause, Hunter returned to the stage ((citation needed|date=March 2014)) where, according to ''Gimme Shelter'' producer [[Porter Bibb]], Hunter's girlfriend Patty Bredehoft found him and tearfully begged him to calm down and move further back in the crowd with her; but he was reportedly enraged, irrational and "so high he could barely walk".<ref>((cite book|author=Osgerby, Bill |year=2005|title=Biker: Truth and Myth: How the Original Cowboy of the Road Became the Easy Rider of the Silver Screen|publisher=Globe Pequot|page=99|isbn=978-1-59228-841-0))</ref> Rock Scully, who could see the audience clearly from the top of a truck by the stage, said of Hunter, "I saw what he was looking at, that he was crazy, he was on drugs, and that he had murderous intent. There was no doubt in my mind that he intended to do terrible harm to Mick or somebody in the Rolling Stones, or somebody on that stage."<ref name="curry"/>

Following his initial scuffle with the Angels as he tried to climb onstage, Hunter, as seen in concert footage wearing a bright lime-green suit, returned to the front of the crowd and drew a long-barreled [[.22 caliber]] [[revolver]] from inside his jacket. Hells Angel Alan Passaro, seeing Hunter drawing the revolver, drew a knife from his belt and charged Hunter from the side, [[Parry (fencing)|parrying]] Hunter's pistol with his left hand and stabbing him twice with his right hand, killing him.

Footage shot by [[Eric Saarinen]], who was on stage taking pictures of the crowd, and [[Baird Bryant]], who climbed atop a bus,<ref>((cite news|title=Obituary of Baird Bryant|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/baird-bryant-filmmaker-who-captured-the-killing-of-a-fan-in-the-rolling-stones-documentary-gimme-shelter-1052558.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206060337/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/baird-bryant-filmmaker-who-captured-the-killing-of-a-fan-in-the-rolling-stones-documentary-gimme-shelter-1052558.html |archive-date=2008-12-06 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=22 April 2011|newspaper=The Independent (UK)|first=Pierre|last=Perrone|date=2008-12-05))</ref> appears in the ''Gimme Shelter'' documentary. Saarinen was unaware of having caught the killing on film. This was discovered more than a week later when raw footage was screened in the New York offices of the Maysles Brothers. In the film sequence, lasting about two seconds, a two-meter (six-foot) opening in the crowd appears, leaving Bredehoft in the center. Hunter enters the opening from the left. His hand rises toward the stage, and the silhouette of a revolver is clearly seen against Bredehoft's light-colored vest. Passaro is seen entering from the right and delivering two stabs with his knife as he parries Hunter's revolver and pushes him off-screen; the opening then closes around Bredehoft. Passaro was reported to have stabbed Hunter five times in the upper back, although only two stabs are visible in the footage. Witnesses also reported Hunter was stomped on by several Hells Angels while he was on the ground.<ref name=rrwd /> The gun was recovered and turned over to police. Hunter's autopsy confirmed he was high on [[methamphetamine]] when he died.<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2005%2F05%2F26%2FALTAMONT.TMP#ixzz0UvTWCi8g|title=Altamont 'cold case' is being closed: Theory of second stabber debunked by Sheriff's Dept.|last=Lee|first=Henry K.|date=2005-05-26|work=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=2009-10-25|archive-date=June 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626200756/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2005%2F05%2F26%2FALTAMONT.TMP#ixzz0UvTWCi8g|url-status=dead))</ref> Passaro was arrested and tried for murder in the summer of 1971, but was acquitted after a jury viewed concert footage<ref>((cite news |title=Movie of Slaying at Rock Fest Is Key Evidence in Coast Trial |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 January 1971))</ref> showing Hunter brandishing the revolver and concluded that Passaro had acted in self-defense.

The Rolling Stones were aware of the skirmish, but not the stabbing ("You couldn't see anything, it was just another scuffle", Jagger tells David Maysles during film editing). But it soon became apparent they could see something of what had happened because the band stopped playing mid-song and Jagger was heard calling into his microphone, "We've really got someone hurt here... is there a doctor?" After a few minutes the band began playing again and eventually completed their set. Jagger told Maysles they all agreed that if they abandoned the show at that point, the crowd would have become even more unruly, perhaps degenerating into a full-scale riot.

In 2003, the [[Alameda County Sheriff's Office]] initiated a two-year investigation into the possibility of a second Hells Angel having taken part in the stabbing. Finding insufficient support for this hypothesis, and reaffirming that Passaro acted alone, the office closed the case for good on May 25, 2005.<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-05-26-altamont_x.htm |title=Investigators close decades old Altamont killing case |work=USA Today |date=2005-05-26 |access-date=2010-10-25))</ref>

==Reactions==
The Altamont concert is often contrasted with the [[Woodstock festival]] that took place fewer than four months earlier. While Woodstock represented "peace and love", Altamont came to be viewed as the end of the hippie era and the ''de facto'' conclusion of late-1960s American youth culture: "Altamont became, whether fairly or not, a symbol for the death of the Woodstock Nation."<ref>((cite book|author=Mark Hamilton Lytle|year=2006|title=America's Uncivil Wars: The Sixties Era from Elvis to the Fall of Richard Nixon|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/americasuncivilw00lytl/page/336 336]|isbn=978-0-19-517496-0|url=https://archive.org/details/americasuncivilw00lytl/page/336))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://articles.courant.com/2009-08-09/news/altamont.art_1_woodstock-youth-culture-altamont |title=Ill-Fated Altamont Is a Far More Fitting Symbol of the '60s Than Glorified Woodstock |work=Hartford Courant |date=2009-08-09 |access-date=2013-08-02))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/sevenages/events/blues-based-rock/rolling-stones-at-altamont/ |title=Rolling Stones at Altamont BBC 2 Seven Ages of Rock |work=BBC News |date=1969-12-06 |access-date=2010-10-25))</ref> Rock music critic [[Robert Christgau]] wrote in 1972 that "Writers focus on Altamont not because it brought on the end of an era but because it provided such a complex metaphor for the way an era ended."<ref>((cite news |url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-aow/altamont.php |title=The Rolling Stones: Can't Get No Satisfaction |author=Robert Christgau |journal=Newsday |date=July 1972 |publisher=Robertchristgau.com |access-date=2010-10-25))</ref> Writing for ''[[The New Yorker]]'' in 2015, [[Richard Brody]] argued that what Altamont ended was "the idea that, left to their own inclinations and stripped of the trappings of the wider social order, the young people of the new generation will somehow spontaneously create a higher, gentler, more loving grassroots order. What died at Altamont is the [[Discourse on Inequality|Rousseauian]] dream itself."<ref>Richard Brody, "[http://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/what-died-at-altamont What Died at Altamont]", ''New Yorker'', March 11, 2015.</ref> More contemporary perspectives challenge that, since the [[Manson family]] murders, also ascribed to counter-cultural hippies, occurred even before Woodstock. 

The music magazine ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', in a 14-page 11-author article on the event entitled "The Rolling Stones Disaster at Altamont: Let It Bleed" published in their January 21, 1970, issue, stated that "Altamont was the product of diabolical egotism, hype, ineptitude, money manipulation, and, at base, a fundamental lack of concern for humanity".<ref name=lib /> The article covered the many issues with the event's organization and was very critical of the organizers and the Rolling Stones; one writer stated: "what an enormous thrill it would have been for an Angel to kick Mick Jagger's teeth down his throat."<ref name=lib /> Another follow-up piece in ''Rolling Stone'' called the Altamont event "rock and roll's all-time worst day".<ref name=rrwd /> In ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' magazine, [[Ralph J. Gleason]] observed, "The day The Rolling Stones played there, the name ''[Altamont]'' became etched in the minds of millions of people who love pop music and who hate it as well. If the name 'Woodstock' has come to denote the flowering of one phase of the youth culture, 'Altamont' has come to mean the end of it."<ref name=aw>((cite journal|last=Gleason|first=Ralph J.|title=Aquarius Wept|journal=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=August 1970|url=http://www.esquire.com/features/altamont-1969-aquarius-wept-0870|access-date=24 May 2013))</ref>

The film ''Gimme Shelter'' was criticized by [[Pauline Kael]], [[Vincent Canby]] and other reviewers for portraying the Stones too sympathetically, and for staging a concert for the sole reason that it could be filmed, despite all the problems leading up to it. ''[[Salon.com|Salon]]'''s Michael Sragow, writing in 2000, said many of the critics took their cues from the ''Rolling Stone'' review, which heavily blamed the filmmakers for being part of a "staged event" so that the Rolling Stones could profit from making a "concert" film. Sragow pointed out numerous errors in the ''Rolling Stone'' coverage and added that the Maysles did not make "major motion pictures" in the traditional way; instead, a variety of factors contributed to the tragedy.<ref>"[The Maysles] relied for their effects on molding found material, not spending time and money -- which they didn’t have much of at Altamont anyway -- devising a reality 'spectacular'." Michael Sragow, "[http://www.salon.com/2000/08/10/gimme_shelter_2/ "Gimme Shelter": The true story]". ''Salon'', August 10, 2000.</ref>

The Rolling Stones' [[Keith Richards]] was relatively sanguine about the show, calling it "basically well-handled, but lots of people were tired and a few tempers got frayed"<ref name=rrwd /> and "on the whole, a good concert."<ref name=aw />

The Grateful Dead wrote several songs about, or in response to, what lyricist [[Robert Hunter (lyricist)|Robert Hunter]] called "the Altamont affair", including "New Speedway Boogie" (featuring the line "One way or another, this darkness got to give") and "Mason's Children".<ref>((cite web |url=http://artsites.ucsc.edu/GDead/agdl/maso.html |title=The Annotated "Mason's Children" |last=Dodd |first=David |work= The Annotated Grateful Dead Lyrics |date=1995 |access-date=2018-09-30 |quote=Hunter's note in the Box of Rain anthology says, "An unrecorded GD song dealing obliquely with Altamont." ))</ref> Both songs were written and recorded during sessions for the early 1970 album ''[[Workingman's Dead]],'' but "Mason's Children" was not included on the album.

Altamont also inspired the [[Blue Öyster Cult]] song "Transmaniacon MC" ("MC" means "[[motorcycle club]]"), the opening track of [[Blue Öyster Cult (album)|their first album]].<ref>((cite book|last1=Bollon|first1=Mathieu|last2=Lemant|first2=Aurélien|title=Blue Öyster Cult: la Carrière du Mal|date=2013|publisher=Camion Blanc|isbn=9782357792678|pages=43–47))</ref>

The incident is mentioned in the 1996 film ''[[The Cable Guy]]'', in a scene where [[Jim Carrey]]'s character, Chip Douglas, performs "[[Somebody to Love (Jefferson Airplane song)|Somebody to Love]]" on karaoke: "You might recognize this song as performed by Jefferson Airplane, in a little rockumentary called ''Gimme Shelter'', about the Rolling Stones and their nightmare at Altamont. That night the Oakland chapter of the Hell's Angels had their way. Tonight, it's my turn."

In 2004, Australian electronic psych group [[Black Cab (band)|Black Cab]] released their debut LP ''[[Altamont Diary]]'', a concept album based on the concert and its cultural fallout. The LP features a cover of "New Speedway Boogie".

Altamont is also referenced by [[Don McLean]] in the song "[[American Pie (song)|American Pie]]" in the song's fifth verse, the majority of which contains symbols related to Altamont: "Jack Flash", a reference to San Francisco ("[[Candlestick Point|Candlestick]]", though that venue had nothing to do with the actual concert), (Sympathy for) "the Devil", an enraged spectator watching something on a stage, and an "angel born in Hell". McLean officially refused to confirm or deny the song's ties to Altamont until he sold his songwriting notes in 2015. Within the context of the song, Altamont served as the culmination of a period that had begun with the [[The Day the Music Died|plane crash that killed Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and the Big Bopper]] in February 1959, during which "things (were) heading in the wrong direction" and life was "becoming less idyllic."<ref name="telegraph4915">((cite news|title=American Pie: 6 crazy conspiracy theories|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/11518980/American-Pie-6-crazy-conspiracy-theories.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/11518980/American-Pie-6-crazy-conspiracy-theories.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|first=Rupert|last=Hawksley|date=April 7, 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph))((cbignore))</ref>

In 2008, a former [[FBI]] agent asserted that some members of the Hells Angels had conspired to murder Mick Jagger in retribution for the Rolling Stones' lack of support following the concert, and for the negative portrayal of the Angels in the ''Gimme Shelter'' film. The conspirators reportedly used a boat to approach a residence where Jagger was staying on [[Long Island, New York]], the plot failing when the boat was nearly sunk by a storm. Jagger's spokesperson has refused to comment on the matter.<ref>((cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7274829.stm |title=Jagger 'escaped gang murder plot' BBC March 3, 2008 |work=BBC News |date=2008-03-03 |access-date=2010-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102025623/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7274829.stm|archive-date=2 November 2010 |url-status=live))</ref>

In January 2022, the [[Library of Congress]] shared a 30-minute clip of soundless footage shot from the stage at Altamont. The Library obtained the footage from the [[Prelinger Archives]].<ref>((Cite magazine |last=Martoccio |first=Angie |date=2022-01-09 |title=Who Knew We Needed This Unseen Altamont Footage So Badly? |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/altamont-library-of-congress-gram-parsons-csny-rolling-stones-1281751/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US))</ref><ref>((Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Neely |date=2022-01-04 |title=The Rolling Stones, Hell's Angels and Altamont: A New View ((!)) Library of Congress Blog |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2022/01/the-rolling-stones-hells-angels-and-altamont-a-new-view/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=blogs.loc.gov))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=[Rolling Stones at Altamont--home movie] |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2020600221/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA))</ref>

==Set list==
((Unreferenced section|date=October 2019))

===Santana===
* "Savor"
* "[[Jin-go-lo-ba]]" 
* "[[Evil Ways (Santana song)|Evil Ways]]" 
* "Conquistadore Rides Again" 
* "Persuasion"
* "[[Soul Sacrifice (song)|Soul Sacrifice]]" 
* "Gumbo"

===Jefferson Airplane===
* "[[We Can Be Together]]"
* "The Other Side of This Life" <small>(During the performance of this song, [[Marty Balin]] was struck by a member of the Hells Angels, causing a temporary halt to the music.)</small>
* "[[Somebody to Love (Jefferson Airplane song)|Somebody to Love]]"
* "[[3/5 of a Mile in 10 Seconds]]"
* "Greasy Heart"
* "[[White Rabbit (Jefferson Airplane song)|White Rabbit]]"
* "Come Back Baby"
* "[[The Ballad of You and Me and Pooneil]]"
* "Volunteers"

===The Flying Burrito Brothers===
* "Lucille"
* "To Love Somebody"
* "[[Six Days on the Road]]"
* "High Fashion Queen"
* "Cody, Cody"
* "Lazy Day"
* "Bony Moronie"
* "Close Up The Honky Tonks"
* "Sweet Mental Revenge"

===Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young===
* "Black Queen"
* "Pre-Road Downs"
* "Long Time Gone"
* "Down by the River" 
* "Sea of Madness"

===The Rolling Stones===
* "[[Jumpin' Jack Flash]]"
* "[[Carol (Chuck Berry song)|Carol]]"
* "[[Sympathy for the Devil]]" <small>(Interrupted by numerous fights near the stage, causing the band to stop and then restart the song.)</small>
* "The Sun Is Shining"
* "[[Stray Cat Blues]]"
* "[[Love in Vain]]"
* "[[Under My Thumb]]" <small>(Stopped following the fracas involving Meredith Hunter, then restarted; after this, the violence subsided for the remainder of the concert.)</small>
* "[[Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones song)|Brown Sugar]]" <small>(Debut live performance of the song; the studio version had been recorded only two days earlier in [[Muscle Shoals, Alabama|Muscle Shoals]], [[Alabama]].)</small>
* "[[Midnight Rambler]]"
* "[[Live with Me]]" <small>(The scene in the film showing a naked woman attempting to climb onto the stage actually occurs during this song, though it is shown while "Sympathy for the Devil" is played. The performance of the song is also faintly heard in the background as the medical intern talks about Meredith Hunter's death.)</small>
* "[[Gimme Shelter]]"
* "[[Little Queenie]]"
* "[[(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction]]"
* "[[Honky Tonk Women]]"
* "[[Street Fighting Man]]"

==See also==
((Portal|1960s|Rock music))
* [[Gimme Shelter (1970 film)|''Gimme Shelter'' (1970 film)]]
* [[List of music festivals]]
* [[List of historic rock festivals]]
* [[Woodstock '99]]

==References==
===Citations===
((Reflist|30em))

===Sources===
* ((cite news|url=https://theravenreport.com/2016/10/31/rock-and-rolls-worst-day-this-1969-concert-ended-in-death/|work=The Raven Report|title=The Hells Angels Brought Death to Rock and Roll's Worst Day|date=31 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116164203/https://theravenreport.com/2016/10/31/rock-and-rolls-worst-day-this-1969-concert-ended-in-death/|archive-date=16 November 2016))

==External links==
* ''[https://lccn.loc.gov/2020600221 Rolling Stones at Altamont--home movie]'' from the [[Library of Congress]] 

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Return to Altamont Free Concert.

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