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((Short description|American criminal (1907–1979)))
((Redirect|Karpis|the ancient place name|Carpis (disambiguation)((!))Carpis))
((Infobox criminal
| image = Alvin Karpis.jpg
| birth_name = Albin Francis Karpavičius
| birth_date = ((birth date|1907|08|10))
| birth_place = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canada
| death_date = ((death date and age|1979|08|26|1907|08|10))
| death_place = [[Torremolinos]], Spain
| alias = Creepy Karpis
| conviction = [[Kidnapping]], [[robbery]], [[burglary]], [[murder]]
| conviction_penalty = [[Life imprisonment]] with the possibility of parole
| conviction_status = Paroled (1969)
| spouse = Dorothy Slayman (div. 1935)
| children = 1
))
'''Alvin Francis Karpis''' (born '''Albin Francis Karpavičius'''; August 10, 1907 – August 26, 1979), was a Canadian–American criminal of [[Lithuanians|Lithuanian]] descent known for being a leader of the [[Barker–Karpis gang]] in the 1930s. Nicknamed "'''Creepy'''" for his sinister smile and called "'''Ray'''" by his gang members, Karpis led the gang along with Fred Barker and Arthur "Doc" Barker. There were only four "public enemies" ever given the title of "[[public enemy|Public Enemy #1]]" by the [[FBI]] and he was the only one to be taken alive. The other three, [[John Dillinger]], [[Pretty Boy Floyd]], and [[Baby Face Nelson]], were all killed before being captured.<ref>((Cite book|title = On the Rock: Twenty-Five Years in Alcatraz : the Prison Story of Alvin Karpis as told to Robert Livesey|last = Livesey|first = Robert|publisher = Beaufort Books, Inc., New York|year = 1980|isbn = 0-8253-0019-3|location = Canada|pages = 14))</ref> He also spent the longest time as a federal prisoner at [[Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary]], serving twenty-six years.

==Early life==
((more citations needed|section|date=September 2017))
Karpis was born to [[Lithuanian people|Lithuanian]] immigrants John (Jonas) and Anna (Ona) Karpavičius in [[Montreal|Montreal, Quebec]], and was raised in [[Topeka, Kansas]].<ref>Bryan Burrough (2004). ''Public Enemies''. New York.</ref> He started in crime at about age 10, running around with gamblers, bootleggers, and pimps.

In 1926, he was sentenced to 10 years at the State Industrial Reformatory in [[Hutchinson, Kansas]], for an attempted burglary. He escaped with another inmate, [[Lawrence De Vol]], and went on a year-long crime spree, interrupted briefly, while he lived with his parents after De Vol was arrested. After moving to [[Kansas City, Missouri]], he was caught stealing a car and sent back to the reformatory. Transferred to the [[Kansas State Penitentiary]] in [[Lansing, Kansas|Lansing]], he met [[Fred Barker]], who was in prison for bank burglary. Barker was one of the notorious members of the "Bloody Barkers," as the newspapers of the time called them.

The Barker family included brothers Herman, Lloyd, [[Arthur Barker|Arthur ("Doc")]], and Fred, the sons of [[Ma Barker]]. Growing up impoverished in a [[sharecropping system|sharecropping]] family, all the boys soon turned into hardened criminals, robbing banks and killing without provocation. Doc was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1920 after murdering a night watchman. Herman committed suicide on August 29, 1927, after being badly injured in a shootout with police in [[Wichita, Kansas]], following the robbery of the Newton Ice Plant in [[Newton, Kansas]], with Charles Stalcup and Porter Meeks.

Lloyd was sentenced to 25 years in 1922, for mail theft, and released in 1938; he was a [[US Army]] cook at a POW camp and then was murdered by his wife in 1949. "Ma" did her part to help her sons. "Ma" Barker was not herself a criminal, but badgered parole boards, wardens, and governors for the release of her boys when they were incarcerated. After Alvin was released in 1931, he joined up with Fred Barker in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]], and they soon put together the Barker-Karpis Gang.<ref>FBI Barker-Karpis gang summary, p. 4</ref>

==Criminal career==
The Barker-Karpis Gang became one of the most formidable criminal gangs of the 1930s. They did not hesitate to kill anyone who got in their way, even innocent bystanders. On December 19, 1931, Karpis and Fred Barker killed Sheriff C. Roy Kelley, who was investigating their robbery of a store in [[West Plains, Missouri]]. The gang, including Ma Barker and her paramour Arthur Dunlop, fled to [[St. Paul, Minnesota]].<ref>FBI Barker-Karpis gang summary, p. 6</ref>

Karpis has been described as the leader or "brains" of the gang.<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/barker-karpis-gang Barker/Karpis Gang] Site of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 14 May 2020.</ref> Gang member Fred Hunter said Karpis was "super smart" and he was reported to have a [[Eidetic memory|photographic memory]]. The other leaders were Doc and Fred, both now out of prison, and the gang included about 25 others. At this time a myth was started that Ma Barker ruled the gang with an iron fist, but the facts do not seem to support these claims. It is highly unlikely that criminals as adept as Karpis, and even Ma's sons for that matter, would have listened to her. Karpis later wrote about this subject in his memoirs:

<blockquote>Ma was always somebody in our lives. Love didn't enter into it really. She was somebody we looked after and took with us when we moved city to city, hideout to hideout. It is no insult to Ma's memory that she just didn't have the know-how to direct us on a robbery. It would not have occurred to her to get involved in our business, and we always made it a point of only discussing our scores when Ma wasn't around. We'd leave her at home when we were arranging a job, or we'd send her to a movie. Ma saw a lot of movies.</blockquote>

[[Harvey Bailey]], another well-known bank robber of the era, knew the Barker gang well, and in his autobiography published in the 1970s, he agreed with Karpis, observing that Ma Barker "couldn't plan breakfast", and was certainly no mastermind behind any gang activity.<ref>Burrough, p. 33.</ref> It is purported that Ma Barker's entire reputation as a criminal mastermind was concocted by Hoover to protect the FBI's public image after federal agents discovered they had killed a 62-year-old mother.<ref>((cite book |author =Gentry, Curt |year=1991 |title=J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets|url =https://archive.org/details/jedgarhoovermans00gent |url-access =registration |publisher=W. W. Norton|ISBN =0-393-02404-0))</ref><ref>((cite book|author =Jones, Ken|year=1957|title=The FBI in Action|publisher=Signet))</ref>

In 1933, on the same weekend as the [[Kansas City Massacre]], they kidnapped [[Hamm's|William Hamm]], a millionaire [[Minnesota]] brewer outside of his office. After the gang was paid a ransom of $100,000, Hamm was released. Shortly after this, they abducted St. Paul banker [[Kidnapping of Edward Bremer|Edward Bremer]], who was released after the gang was paid $200,000 by his family. The [[kidnapping]]s, however, led to the gang's end. The father of the kidnapped Edward Bremer was a friend of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. Roosevelt had even mentioned the kidnapping in one of his [[fireside chats]], and fueled also by the [[Lindbergh kidnapping]], the FBI and local police bureaus greatly stepped up their pursuit of those engaged in these types of crimes. The FBI had by this time organized a group of highly skilled agents called the "flying squads," which specialized in hunting down the leading public enemies, and they had been very effective. The year 1934 alone saw the deaths of [[John Dillinger]], [[Bonnie and Clyde]], [[Pretty Boy Floyd|Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd]], [[Baby Face Nelson|Lester "Baby Face Nelson" Gillis]], [[John Hamilton (gangster)|John "Red" Hamilton]], [[Homer Van Meter]], [[Tommy Carroll (criminal)|Tommy Carroll]], and [[Eddie Green (criminal)|Eddie Green]].

Just after Ma and Fred's death in a shootout with the FBI on January 16, 1935, Karpis nearly met his own violent end when the FBI located him in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]]. Karpis and Harry Campbell managed to shoot their way to an escape, though Karpis' eight-month-pregnant girlfriend Dolores Delaney was hit in the thigh by a wild shot fired by Campbell. She was captured along with Campbell's girl. Dolores gave birth to a son, who was adopted by Karpis' parents. Karpis and Campbell hid out with brothel-keeper Edith Barry for several months.

Karpis continued his crimes with others, but had to keep on the move more than ever, as he was the fourth and last of the FBI's Public Enemies Number One, the previous three—John Dillinger, Pretty Boy Floyd, and Baby Face Nelson—having been killed. He did manage to pull off a crime that echoed the times of the "[[American Old West|Old West]]," a train robbery in [[Garrettsville, Ohio]], which netted $27,000. After the death of Ma and Fred, Karpis allegedly sent word to FBI chief [[J. Edgar Hoover]] that he intended to kill Hoover the way Hoover had killed Ma and Fred. According to Karpis in ''The Alvin Karpis Story'', the death threat was a rumor started by Hoover himself.<ref name=Story>((cite book|author1=Karpis, Alvin |author2=Trent, Bill|year=1971|title=The Alvin Karpis Story|publisher=Coward, McCann & Geoghegan))</ref>

==Pursuit and capture by FBI==
The FBI had come a long way since its reorganization and renaming in 1935 (from the Bureau of Investigation, created in 1908). J. Edgar Hoover was appointed as the acting head of the Bureau in 1924 and completely transformed the agency. Despite its successes, however, the agency had many problems. In those days, when the application of science and technology to fight crime was still in its infancy, the agency was at the mercy of public citizens for information. Often agents on bad information were sent off to remote locales on "tips" that turned out to be [[red herring]]s. The personal low point for Hoover came at an April 1936 [[United States Senate]] hearing. Senator [[Kenneth McKellar (politician)|Kenneth McKellar]] of [[Tennessee]] lambasted Hoover for the performance of the FBI and the fact that Hoover himself had never personally arrested anyone. After the hearing, a determined Hoover vowed he would capture Karpis personally.<ref>Burrough, p. 536.</ref>

Hoover did not have to wait long. On May 1, 1936, the FBI located Karpis in [[New Orleans]], and Hoover flew there to be in charge of the arrest. Shortly after 5pm on May 2, as a dozen or so agents swarmed over Karpis' car, Hoover announced to Karpis that he was under arrest. A couple of versions of the arrest have been reported. Karpis' version, told in his memoirs, was that Hoover came out only after all the other agents had seized him. Only then did the agents call to Hoover that it was safe to approach the car. The official FBI version states that Hoover reached into the car and grabbed Karpis before he could reach a rifle in the back seat. In fact, the car, a [[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]] coupe, had no back seat. The scene was further confused when Hoover told his men to "put the [hand]cuffs on him."<ref name="Burrough, p. 540">Burrough, p. 540</ref> Not one agent had brought handcuffs.<ref name="Burrough, pg. 540">Burrough, pg. 540</ref> Karpis was tied up with an agent's necktie. The capture of Karpis catapulted Hoover into the public eye and made his name synonymous with law enforcement until he died in 1972 at the age of 77.

The capture of Karpis essentially ended the age of the big-name [[Depression Era]] criminal. In addition to those mentioned earlier, others killed violently in the 1930s included [[Jack Diamond (gangster)|Jack "Legs" Diamond]], [[Mad Dog Coll|Vincent "Maddog" Coll]], [[Frank Nash|Frank "Jelly" Nash]] and [[Dutch Schultz]]. [[Al Capone]] was in Alcatraz and slowly going insane from [[syphilis]].

==Trial==
Karpis was brought to trial at the St. Paul Federal Courts Building (now [[Landmark Center (St. Paul)|Landmark Center]]). Karpis initially pleaded not guilty. But as the case was called for trial, "Thomas J. Newman, attorney for Karpis, told the court his client, one of the actual kidnappers of Hamm, desired to plead guilty."<ref>''St. Paul Daily News'', 14 July 1936, p. 1 col. 7.</ref> Two weeks later, Karpis offered "through his attorney, Thomas Newman, to plead guilty to the Bremer conspiracy" if kidnapping charges were dropped; the court accepted the offer.<ref>Albert Lea (Minn.) ''Evening Tribune'', 29 July 1936, p. 1 col. what4.</ref>

==Imprisonment==
[[File:Alvin Karpis Alcatraz 1958.jpg|thumb|Karpis in a 1958 mugshot]]
Sentenced to life imprisonment, Karpis was incarcerated at the then recently constructed Alcatraz federal penitentiary from August 1936 to April 1962. For six months in 1958, he was transferred to the [[United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth|Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary]], but was then returned to Alcatraz. His main job at Alcatraz was working in the bakery. He was far from a model prisoner, frequently fighting with other inmates. Karpis served the longest sentence of any prisoner at Alcatraz: 26 years.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.parksconservancy.org/about/press/press-releases/alcatraz-the-worst-of-the-worst.html |title=Alcatraz: The "Worst of the Worst"—Doing Hard Time on the Rock |publisher=Parksconservancy.org |access-date=2012-05-01))</ref> In April 1962, with Alcatraz in the process of being closed, he was transferred to [[McNeil Island Penitentiary]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington]] state. While at McNeil, Karpis met a young [[Charles Manson]]. Karpis wrote about Manson in his autobiography with Robert Livesey (1980):<ref name=Livesey>((cite book|author1=Karpis, Alvin |author2=Livesey, Robert|isbn=978-0825300196|title=''On the Rock: Twenty-Five Years in Alcatraz''|publisher=Beaufort Books, Inc.|edition=1st|date=November 1980))</ref>

((quote|This kid approaches me to request music lessons. He wants to learn [[guitar]] and become a music star. "Little Charlie" is so lazy and shiftless, I doubt if he'll put in the time required to learn. The youngster has been in institutions all of his life&nbsp;—first orphanages, then reformatories, and finally federal prison. His mother, a prostitute, was never around to look after him. I decide it's time someone did something for him, and to my surprise, he learns quickly. He has a pleasant voice and a pleasing personality, although he's unusually meek and mild for a convict. He never has a harsh word to say and is never involved in even an argument.))

After Manson had become proficient on the guitar, he asked Karpis for help in getting a job playing in [[Las Vegas]], as Karpis had contacts with nightclub and [[casino]] owners there. Manson told him he would be bigger than [[The Beatles]], but Karpis decided to leave Manson on his own regarding his music career.

==Later years==
[[File:Altered Fingerprints of Alvin Karpis.jpg|thumb|Karpis had his fingerprints removed in 1934]]
Karpis was released on parole in 1969 and deported to Canada, although he initially had difficulty obtaining Canadian passport credentials, having had his [[fingerprint]]s removed by underworld physician [[Joseph P. Moran|Joseph Moran]] in 1934.<ref name="newton">((cite book|author=Newton, M.|year=2002|title=The Encyclopedia of Robberies, Heists and Capers|publisher=Checkmark Books, an imprint of Facts on File, Inc.|isbn=0-8160-4489-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofro0000newt))</ref> He settled in [[Montreal]].

He wrote his first memoirs in 1971,<ref name=Story/><ref name=Enemy/> while another memoir book was published in 1980, one year after his death.<ref name=Livesey/> During his first book tour across Canada for ''Public Enemy Number One'' for [[McClelland & Stewart]] (published in the United States as ''The Alvin Karpis Story''), Karpis, looking more like an accountant than a gangster, still showed a dry sense of humor. In Edmonton, Alberta, while shuffling Karpis between various interviews with the media, M&S book representative Ruth Bertelsen stopped at her bank. Asking Karpis if he wanted to come in with her, Karpis replied, "No, dear. You take care of the vault. I'll drive." He became a mentor to her young son until the [[Antisocial personality disorder|sociopathy]] of some of his advice to her child angered Bertelsen.<ref name=Enemy>((cite book|author =Karpis, Alvin|title=Public Enemy Number 1: The Alvin Karpis Story|publisher=McClelland and Stewart|date= 1 January 1971|asin=B0007B4FK8 ))</ref>

He moved to [[Spain]] in 1973. On August 26, 1979, he died by what was originally ruled [[suicide]] by the authorities, as [[Hypnotic|sleeping pills]] were found by his body, but later it was ruled death from natural causes. Robert Livesey, who co-wrote Karpis's 1979 book, said Karpis was not the type to commit suicide. Livesey said Karpis was a survivor, having served 33 years in prison, and also stated Karpis was anticipating the publication of the book. Livesey believed Karpis had been introduced to pills and alcohol by his last girlfriend Nancy, to give a relaxing high, and perhaps Karpis accidentally over-indulged on one occasion, with fatal consequences. No [[autopsy]] was performed, and Karpis was buried the next day in Spain.<ref name=Livesey/><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/outlaws/karpis/10.html |title=Alvin Karpis: Pursuit of the Last Public Enemy&nbsp;— Aftermath&nbsp;— Crime Library |publisher=Trutv.com |access-date=2012-05-01))</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Depression-era outlaws]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
* [http://vault.fbi.gov/alvin-francis-karpis FBI file on Alvin Karpis]
* [http://insidesocal.com/sgvcrime/2009/06/creepy-alvin-karpis----public.html Public Enemy No. 1] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831091030/http://www.insidesocal.com/sgvcrime/2009/06/creepy-alvin-karpis----public.html |date=2012-08-31 ))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190223131444/https://www.alvinkarpis.com/ Alvin Karpis]

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Karpis, Alvin))
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:American bank robbers]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:American people convicted of kidnapping]]
[[Category:American people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:American people of Lithuanian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian bank robbers]]
[[Category:Canadian people convicted of kidnapping]]
[[Category:Canadian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Canadian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Canadian gangsters]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Lithuanian descent]]
[[Category:Crimes in Minnesota]]
[[Category:Criminals from Montreal]]
[[Category:Deaths in Spain]]
[[Category:Depression-era gangsters]]
[[Category:Escapees from Kansas detention]]
[[Category:Inmates of Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary]]
[[Category:People from Topeka, Kansas]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government]]
[[Category:People paroled from life sentence]]
[[Category:People deported from the United States]]

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