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((Short description|Senegalese Sufi leader (1853–1927)))
((More footnotes needed|date=July 2013))
((Infobox person
| name               = Ahmadu Bamba
| image              = AhmaduBamba.jpg
| image_size         = 
| alt                = 
| caption            = Bamba (ca. 1913)
| birth_date         = 1853
| birth_place        = [[Mbacké]], [[Baol|Kingdom of Baol]]<br>((small|(modern [[Senegal]])))
| death_date         = 1927 (aged 73–74)
| death_place        = [[Touba]], [[French Senegal]], [[French West Africa]]<br>((small|(in modern [[Diourbel Region]], Senegal)))
| resting_place      = Touba
| title              = [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint ([[Wali]])
| predecessor        = 
| successor          = 
| parents            = Maam Mor Anta Saly Mbacke and [[Mame Diarra Bousso]]
| children           = 
))
'''Ahmadu Bamba Ibn Anta Saly Mbacke''' (((lang-wo|Ahmadu Bamba Mbacke)), ((lang-ar| أحمد بن محمد بن انت صلي)) ''Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Anta saly'', 1853–1927)<ref name=":2">((Cite journal|last=Ngom|first=Fallou|date=2009-01-01|title=Aḥmadou Bamba's Pedagogy and the Development of 'Ajamī Literature|jstor=27667424|journal=African Studies Review|volume=52|issue=1|pages=99–123|doi=10.1353/arw.0.0156|s2cid=143667897|doi-access=free))</ref> also known to followers as '''Khādimu 'al-Rasūl''' (((lang|ar|خادِم الرسول))) or "The Servant of [[Muhammad|the Messenger]]" and '''Serigne Touba''' or "[[Sheikh]] of [[Touba, Senegal|Tuubaa]]", was a [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint ([[Wali]]) and religious leader in [[Senegal]] and the founder of the large [[Mouride]] Brotherhood (the ''Muridiyya'').

Aḥmadu produced poems and tracts on meditation, rituals, work, and [[Quran]]ic study. He led a pacifist struggle against the [[French colonial empire]] travelling across the Atlantic Ocean while not waging outright war on the French like several prominent [[Tijaniyyah|Tijani]] [[marabout]]s had done.

== Early life and background ==
Ahmadou Bamba was born on the outskirts of 1270 [[Anno Hegirae|A.H.]] (around 1853 [[A.D.]]) in the village of [[Mbacké]] (''Mbàkke Bawol'' in Wolof) in [[Baol]]. He was born into a family with an ancient Islamic tradition, which had nevertheless maintained close relations and alliances with royal dynasties such as the Guééj.<ref>((cite book |last1=SAMB |first1=Moustapha |title=AHMADOU BAMBA Le missionnaire universel |date=February 2010 |publisher=le NEGRE INTERNATIONAL |location=Dakar |isbn=-2-84520-031-5 |page=25 |edition=Du Côté du Sacré))</ref>  His father [[Momar Anta Sali]] was a [[Marabout]] from the [[Qadiriyya]], the oldest [[tariqa]] (Sufi order) in Senegal.<ref>((cite book |last=Husain |first=Ed |date=2018 |title=The House of Islam |location=New York |publisher=Bloomsbury |page=150 |isbn=978-1-63286-639-4 ))</ref> He had been appointed [[Qadi ]] of the kingdom both by [[Maba Diakhou Ba]] and the Damel [[Lat Jor]].<ref>((cite book |last1=Searing |first1=James F. |title="God alone is king" : Islam and emancipation in Senegal : the Wolof kingdoms of Kajoor and Bawol, 1859-1914 |date=2002 |publisher=Heinemann |location=NH |url=https://archive.org/details/godaloneiskingis0000sear_j4c2/page/30/mode/2up |access-date=15 July 2023))</ref> It is said that even at a young age, Ahmadou Bamba pressured his father to give up his important position as Qadi to the Damel. Ahmadou Bamba disavowed this collaboration, which he considered suspicious in that it obliged his father to render power-inspired rulings potentially contrary to Islamic law.<ref>((cite book |last1=SAMB |first1=Moustapha |title=AHMADOU BAMBA Le missionnaire universel |date=February 2010 |publisher=le NEGRE INTERNATIONAL |location=Dakar |isbn=-2-84520-031-5 |page=25 |edition=Du Côté du Sacré))</ref> Bamba was the second son of Maam Mor Anta Saly Mbacke and [[Mame Diarra Bousso|Maam Mariyama Bousso]] (better known by the name Maam Diaara Bousso, or Diaratoullah in Arabic, which means "neighbor of God"). Both of his parents descended from the well-known patriarch Maam Mahram Mbacke, with their ancestors hailing from Fouta, northern Senegal.

==Foundation of Mouridiyya and Touba==
The Mouride brotherhood began to develop at the end of the 19th century, following the defeat of the Wolof monarchies. This period of deep socio-political crisis was conducive to the birth of religious organizations founded by strong personalities renowned for their science and holiness.<ref>((cite book |last1=SAMB |first1=Moustapha |title=AHMADOU BAMBA Le missionnaire universel |date=February 2010 |publisher=le NEGRE INTERNATIONAL |location=Dakar |isbn=-2-84520-031-5 |page=25 |edition=Du Côté du Sacré))</ref> Ahmadou Bamba founded the [[Mouride]] brotherhood in 1883, with its capital in [[Touba]], Senegal. Today, Touba serves as the location of the sub-Saharan Africa's largest mosque, which was built by the Mourides.<ref name=":0">((Cite journal|last=Riccio|first=Bruno|date=2004-09-01|title=Transnational Mouridism and the Afro‐Muslim Critique of Italy|journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies|volume=30|issue=5|pages=929–944|doi=10.1080/1369183042000245624|s2cid=144916329|issn=1369-183X))</ref>

Ahmadou Bamba's teachings emphasized the virtues of [[pacifism]], hard work and good manners through what is commonly known as ''Jihādu nafs'' which emphasizes a personal struggle over "negative instincts."<ref name=":2" /> As an [[Asceticism|ascetic]] marabout who wrote tracts on [[meditation]], rituals, work, and Quranic study, he is perhaps best known for his emphasis on work and industriousness.

Bamba's followers call him a [[mujaddid]] ("renewer of [[Islam]]"), citing a [[hadith]] that implies that God will send renewers of the faith every 100 years (the members of all the [[Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal|Senegalese brotherhoods]] claim that their founders were such renewers).((Citation needed|date= August 2022))

Abdoul Ahad Mbacke, the third [[Caliphate|Caliph]] (Mouride leader) and son of Ahmadou Bamba, declared that Ahmadou Bamba had met the prophet Muhammad in his dreams, a tale that has become an article of faith for Mouride believers. During the month of [[Ramadan]] 1895, Muhammed and his companions appeared to him in a dream in Touba to confer upon him the rank of ''mujaddid'' of his age,<ref name="Khadim">((cite web|url=http://www.htcom.sn/spip/article.php3?id_article=55 |title=Hizbut (2006). Contrat de l'exil. Retrieved March 24, 2006 |access-date=2013-03-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207090153/http://www.htcom.sn/spip/article.php3?id_article=55 |archive-date=February 7, 2012 ))</ref> and to test his faith.<ref name="discours">((cite web |url=http://www.touba-internet.com/mgl_discours_1979.htm |title=Touba (2006). Sermon de Cheikh Abdoul Ahad Mbacke. Retrieved March 24, 2006 |publisher=Touba-internet.com |access-date=2013-03-24 |archive-date=2008-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102082934/http://www.touba-internet.com/mgl_discours_1979.htm |url-status=dead ))</ref> From this, Bamba is said to also have been conferred the rank of "Servant of the Prophet."<ref name="reward">((cite web |url=http://www.htcom.sn/spip/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=29 |title=Hizbut (2006). Serviteur Privilegie. Retrieved March 24, 2006 |access-date=2013-03-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212114729/http://www.htcom.sn/spip/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=29 |archive-date=February 12, 2012 ))</ref>

He founded the city of Touba in 1887. In one of his numerous writings, ''Matlabul Fawzeyni'' (the quest for happiness in both worlds), Bamba describes the purpose of the city, which was intended to reconcile the spiritual and the temporal.((Citation needed|date= August 2022))

== Facing colonial rule and exile==
((More citations needed section|date=March 2024))
As Bamba's fame and influence spread, the [[French West Africa|French colonial government]] worried about his growing power and potential to wage war against them. He had stirred "anti-colonial disobedience"<ref name=":1">((Cite journal|last=De Jong|first=Ferdinand|date=2016-02-01|title=Animating the archive: the trial and testimony of a Sufi saint|journal=Social Anthropology|language=en|volume=24|issue=1|pages=36–51|doi=10.1111/1469-8676.12286|issn=1469-8676|url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/57579/2/Jong_2016_Social_Anthropology.pdf|doi-access=free))</ref> and even converted a number of traditional kings and their followers and no doubt could have raised a huge military force, as Muslim leaders like [[Umar Tall]] and [[Samori|Samory Touré]] had before him. During this time, the French army and French colonial government were weary of Muslim leaders inciting revolts as they finished taking over Senegal.<ref name=":1" />

The phobia of the colonial administration at the place of any Islamic movement made the judgements given to the Privy Council often constitute lawsuits of intention to religious leaders. Stopped in Diéwol, Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba was transferred to the office of the Governor of the colonial administration in Saint-Louis (Senegal). On Thursday September 5, 1895, he appeared before the Privy Council ([[Conseil d'État (France)|Conseil d'Etat]]) of Saint-Louis to rule on his case. Ahmadou Bamba prayed two [[rakat]] in the Governor's office before addressing the council, declaring his firm intention to be subjected to God alone. With this symbolic prayer and stance in the sanctuary of the deniers of Islam, Bamba came to embody a new form of nonviolent resistance against the aims of colonial [[evangelism|evangelists]].<ref name="MARTYR"/> Proof of Bamba having recited these prayers is not included in colonial archives, but is rather based on the testimonies of his disciples.<ref name=":1" /> As a result of Bamba's prayers, the Privy Council decided to deport him to "a place where its fanatic preachings would not have any effect".<ref name="MARTYR"/> and exiled him to the equatorial forest of Gabon, where he remained for seven years and nine months. While in Gabon, he composed prayers and poems celebrating Allah.

From the beginning of the 19th century, the [[Imperialism|imperialist]] policy of France ended with the defeat of all the armed resistance movements in [[Senegal]] and the installation of a policy of [[Christianization]] and [[Assimilation (French colonialism)|assimilation]] of the new colony to the cultural values of the metropolis. This led to a policy of exile or systematic elimination of the Muslim spiritual guides who openly spoke out against the colonial government. Thus, Ahmadou Bamba, whose only alleged crime was persisting in preaching his religion([[Islam]]), was subjected to all manner of deprivation and trials for 32 years. Exiled for seven years to Gabon and five years to Mauritania and placed under house arrest in [[Diourbel]], [[Senegal]] for fifteen years, Bamba nevertheless did not cease to defend the message of Islam until his death in 1927.<ref name="MARTYR">Touba (2004). La mission du Cheikh. Retrieved March 15, 2006 , from http://www.touba-internet.com/bmb_martyr.htm#allevents ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214185910/http://www.touba-internet.com/bmb_martyr.htm#allevents |date=2008-02-14 ))</ref>

In the political sphere, Ahmadou Bamba led a [[pacifist]] struggle against French colonialism while trying to restore a purer practice of Islam insulated from French colonial influence. In a period when successful armed resistance was impossible, Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba led a spiritual struggle against colonial culture and politics. Although he did not wage outright war on them as several prominent [[Tijaan]] marabouts had done, he taught what he called the ''jihād al-'akbar'' or "greater struggle," which fought not through weapons but through learning and fear of [[God]].

As Bamba gathered followers, he taught that salvation comes through complete submission to God and hard work. The Mouride order has built, following this teaching, a large economic organisation, involved in many aspects of the Senegalese economy. [[Peanut|Groundnut]] cultivation, the primary [[cash crop]] of the colonial period, was an early example of this.  Young followers were recruited to settle marginal lands in eastern Senegal, found communities and create groundnut plantations. With the organisation and supplies provided by the Brotherhood, a portion of the proceeds were returned to Touba, while the workers, after a period of years, earned ownership over the plantations and towns.

Fearing his influence, the French sentenced him to exile in [[Gabon]] (1895&ndash;1902) and later in [[Mauritania]] (1903&ndash;1907). However, these exiles inspired stories and folk tales of Bamba's miraculous survival of torture, deprivation, and attempted executions, and thousands more flocked to his organization.<ref>((cite book |last=Husain |first=Ed |date=2018 |title=The House of Islam |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-house-of-islam-9781408872291/ |location=New York |publisher=Bloomsbury |pages=151–153 |isbn=9781408872291 |author-link=Ed Husain))</ref>

By 1910, the French realized that Bamba was not interested in waging violent war against them, and was in fact quite cooperative, eventually releasing him to return to his expanded community. In 1918, they rewarded him with  the French Legion of Honor for enlisting his followers in the First World War: he refused it. They allowed him to establish his community in [[Touba, Senegal|Touba]], believing in part that his doctrine of hard work could be made to work with French economic interests.

His movement continued to grow, and in 1926 he began work for the great mosque at [[Touba, Senegal|Touba]].

==Death==
After his death in 1927, he was buried in Touba at a site he had chosen, adjacent to the future location of [[Great Mosque of Touba|The Grand Mosque]].<ref name="auto">((cite news |last=Tim |first=Judah |date=4 August 2011 |title=Senegal's Mourides: Islam's mystical entrepreneurs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14344082 |work=BBC News |access-date=17 January 2019 ))</ref> He was succeeded by his descendants as hereditary leaders of the brotherhood with absolute authority over the followers. Currently, [[Serigne Mountakha Mbacké]] is the Khalifa-General, Ahmadou Bamba's oldest living grandson who holds the brotherhood's highest office.<ref name=":0" />

==Legacy==
Today, Ahmadou Bamba has an estimated following of more than 3 million people and parades occur around the world in his honor, including in various cities in [[the USA]].<ref name=Abdullah2009>((cite journal |last1=Abdullah |first1=Zain |title=Sufis on parade: the performance of Black, African, and Muslim identities |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |date=2009 |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=199–237 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfp016 |pmid=20681085 ))</ref> One such city is New York, where Muslims of West African descent have organized an "annual Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba Day parade" for over twenty years. Celebrations like these create platforms to "redefine the boundaries of their African identities, cope with the stigma of blackness, and counteract an anti-Muslim backlash".<ref name=Abdullah2009/>

Every year, millions of Muslims from all over the world make a pilgrimage to Touba (known as the Magal), worshipping at the mosque and honoring the memory of Ahmadou Bamba.<ref>((cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1330324.stm |publisher=BBC |title=Pilgrimage to Touba))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://toubamica.org/|title=Home &#124; Toubamica))</ref>

[[File:Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba 1918-4.jpg|thumb|Bamba (1918)]]
Ahmadou Bamba has several surviving photographs, in which he wears a flowing white robe and his face is mostly covered by a scarf. These pictures are venerated and reproduced in paintings on walls, buses, taxis, etc. all over [[Senegal]]. The first surviving photo was originally taken in 1913 by "French colonial authorities".<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=Allen F.|last2=Roberts|first2=Mary Nooter|date=2008-03-01|title=Flickering images, floating signifiers: optical innovation and visual piety in senegal|journal=Material Religion|volume=4|issue=1|pages=4–31|doi=10.2752/175183408X288113|s2cid=191492107|issn=1743-2200))</ref> As an art form and spiritual object, Bamba's photograph functions as more than a mere image, rather it is also "a living presence" through which his ''baraka'' flows.((fact|date=February 2023))

Modern Mourides contribute earnings to the brotherhood, which provides social services, loans, and business opportunities in return.<ref name="auto"/>

Sheikh Ahmadou Bamba is also known to have invented [[Café Touba]]. Bamba traditionally mixed coffee and spices together for medicinal purposes, and served it to his followers.<ref>((cite web|url=http://eatyourworld.com/destinations/africa/senegal/dakar/what_to_eat/cafe_touba |title=Cafe Touba - Dakar, Senegal &#124; Local Food Guide |publisher=Eatyourworld.com |access-date=2013-03-24))</ref>

Senegalese musician [[Youssou N'Dour]] has claimed to be a follower of Mouridism.  His 2004 [[Grammy Award|Grammy]]-winning album ''[[Egypt (album)|Egypt]]'' features multiple songs that praise Bamba.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3097000|title=Youssou N'Dour, 'Egypt' and Islam|last=Chadwick|first=Alex|date=2004-07-02|website=npr.org|language=en|access-date=2018-12-11))</ref>

==Writings==
Amadou Bamba is the author of various manuscripts, most of which are currently held at the library of the [[Great Mosque of Touba]]. Below is a selection of Bamba's writings:<ref>[https://toubamica.org/shaykh-ahmadou-bamba-bibliography/ A short list of Ahmadu Bamba's bibliography]. Murid Islamic Community in America.</ref>
*''Jawharu-n-nafis'' (The Precious Jewel)
*''Mawâhibul quddûs'' (the Gifts of the Holy Lord)
*''Jadhbatu-ç-çighâr'' (the Attraction of the Youth)
*''Mulayyinu-ç-çudûr'' (The Softening of the Hearts)
*''Jaawartu Lâh'' (Allah's Neighborhood)
*''Khâtimatu Munajât'' (The Ultimate Dialogue)
*''Masâalik Al Jinân'' (The Itineraries to Paradise)
*''Huqal Buka-u'' (Is it necessary to cry for the dead Sufi masters?)
*''Munawwiru-ç-Cudûr'' (The Illumination of the Hearts)
*''Maghâliqu-n-Nîrân wa Mafâtihul Jinân'' (The Locks of Hell and The Keys to Paradise)
*''Tazawwudu-sh-Shubbân'' (Provisions of the Youth)

Poems honoring the Prophet Muhammad:
*''Muqadimmatul Amdah'' (The Beginning of the Praises)
*''Mawaahibu Naafi’u'' (The Gifts granted by the Beneficent Lord)
*''Jasbul Quloob Ilâ Allâmil Ghuyûb'' (The Attraction of the Hearts Towards the Lord who Knows all the Hidden)

==Family and genealogy==

The following list of ancestors, descendants, and companions of Sheikh Bamba has been adapted from Mbacke (2016).<ref name="Saliou Mbacke">((cite conference|title=The Mouride Order|first=Saliou|last=Mbacke|publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |location=Georgetown University|conference=World Faiths Development Dialogue|date=January 2016|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/berkley-center/160101BCWFDDMourideOrderEnglish.pdf|access-date=October 28, 2019))</ref>

Ancestors:<ref name="Saliou Mbacke"/>
*'''Maam Mor Anta Saly Mbacke''' (father). His Teacher was '''Muhammad Sall''', who hailed from Bamba village.
*'''[[Mame Diarra Bousso]]''' (Mama Diaara Bousso) (mother). Her family came from Golléré, a village near [[Fouta Toro|Fouta]] and [[Mbacké]]. Today, Mama Diaara is celebrated annually by hundreds of thousands of pilgrims at [[Porokhane]], where she remains buried.
**'''Maam Mor Anta Saly''' ([[Mama Diaara Bousso]]'s father) was a highly respected Islamic scholar.
*'''Maam Balla Aicha''' (paternal grandfather). He was the youngest son of Maam Mahram.
*'''Maam Mahram Mbacke''' (paternal great-grandfather). He was both a well-known [[qadi]] and the founder of [[Mbacké]].
**'''El Hadji [[Malick Sy]] Tidiane''' (great-great-grandson of Maam Mahram Mbacke). El Hadji [[Malick Sy]] Tidiane's paternal grandmother was Maam Maty Mbacke (the daughter of Mame Thierno Farimata Mbacke, who was Maam Mahram Mbacke's son).

Descendants:<ref name="Saliou Mbacke"/>
*'''[[Serigne Mouhamadou Moustapha Mbacké]]''' (first son). First caliph of the Mouride Brotherhood.<ref>((cite web|url=https://toubamica.org/serigne-muhamadu-mustafa-mbacke/|title=Serigne Muhammadu Moustapha Mbacke (1927-1945)|work=Murid Islamic Community in America|access-date=Nov 5, 2019))</ref>
**'''[[Serigne Cheikh Ahmadou Mbacke Gainde Fatma]]''' (grandson, and also the first caliph's eldest son). Gaindé Fatma founded French-language and Arabic-language schools, provided scholarships, and was an important community figure who focused on advancing education in Senegal.
*'''Sheikh Bachir Mouhamadoul''' (son) was Amadou Bamba's biographer.
*'''Sheikh Mouhamadou Lamine Bara Mbacke''' (1891-1936). Third son.
**'''[[Serigne Sidi Moukhtar Mbacké]]''' (grandson). Seventh caliph of the Mouride Brotherhood. Son of Sheikh Mouhamadou Lamine Bara Mbacke.
*'''Sheikh Mouhamadoul Bachir''' (1895–1966). Fourth son.
**'''Serigne Moustapha Mbacke Bassirou''' (grandson). Eldest son of Sheikh Mouhamadoul Bachir. He modernized [[Porokhane]] village, founded the [[Mame Diarra Bousso|Maam Diaara]] foundation, and set up a girls' boarding school in Porokhane that can accommodate 400 students.
*'''[[Serigne Mouhamadou Fallilou Mbacké]]''' (son). Second caliph of the Mouride Brotherhood.<ref>((cite web|url=https://toubamica.org/serigne-muhammadu-fadal-mbacke/|title=Serigne Muhammadu Fadal Mbacke (1945-1968)|work=Murid Islamic Community in America|access-date=Nov 5, 2019))</ref>
*'''[[Serigne Abdou Ahad Mbacké]]''' (son). Third caliph of the Mouride Brotherhood.<ref>((cite web|url=https://toubamica.org/serigne-abdul-ahad-mbacke/|title=Serigne Abdul Ahad Mbacke (1968-1989)|work=Murid Islamic Community in America|access-date=Nov 5, 2019))</ref>
*'''[[Serigne Abdou Khadr Mbacké]]''' (son). Fourth caliph of the Mouride Brotherhood.<ref>((cite web|url=https://toubamica.org/serigne-abdu-qadr-mbacke/|title=Serigne Abdu Qadr Mbacke (1988-1989)|work=Murid Islamic Community in America|access-date=Nov 5, 2019))</ref>
*'''[[Serigne Saliou Mbacké]]''' (son). Fifth caliph of the Mouride Brotherhood, and the last surviving son of Bamba.
**'''[[Serigne Mouhamadou Lamine Bara Mbacké]]'''. Sixth caliph of the Mouride Brotherhood, and the nephew of the fifth caliph [[Serigne Saliou Mbacké]].

Siblings:<ref name="Saliou Mbacke"/>
*'''Maam Mor Diarra''', uterine brother. Today, he is revered by his city, Sahm.
*'''Maam Thierno Birahim Mbacke''', younger brother. He took care of Bamba's family and community while he was exiled by French colonial authorities. Today, he is revered by his city, [[Darou Mousti Arrondissement|Darou Mousti]].
*'''Maam Sheikh Anta Darou Salam''', a Mouride businessman. Today, he is revered by his city, [[Darou Salam]].
*'''Serigne Massamba'''. He copied Bamba's writings.
*'''Serigne Afe Mbacke'''

Other important people associated with Bamba:<ref name="Saliou Mbacke"/>
*'''Sheikh Mouhamadou Lamine Diop Dagana''', Bamba's biographer and companion
*'''Serigne Dame Abdourahmane Lo''', teacher of Bamba's children
*'''Sheikh Adama Gueye''', the first Mouride follower
*'''Maam Sheikh [[Ibrahima Fall]]''', founder of the [[Mouride#Baye Falll|Baye Fall]] community

==See also==
((Portal|Biography|Senegal|Islam))
* [[Mouride]]
* [[Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal]]
* [[Touba, Senegal]]
* [[Great Mosque of Touba]]
* [[Qasida]]

== References ==
((Reflist|2))

== Further reading ==
* [https://archive.today/20130201124945/http://africa.reuters.com/world/news/usnL06394218.html Reuters report of Touba and the Mourides].
* ((cite news
|title=Senegal's powerful brotherhoods
|date=2005-09-22
|work=[[BBC News]]
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/4268342.stm
|access-date=2008-08-09
)) By Elizabeth Blunt BBC News, 22 September 2005.
* ((cite news
|author=Norimitsu Onishi
|title=Industrious Senegal Muslims Run a 'Vatican'
|date=2002-05-02
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E2DB1231F931A35756C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all
|access-date=2008-08-09
)), ''The New York Times'', Norimitsu Onishi, 2 May 2002.
* ((cite news
|author=Susan Sachs
|title=In Harlem's Fabric, Bright Threads of Senegal
|date=2003-07-28
|work=The New York Times
|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E0D71E3FF93BA15754C0A9659C8B63
|access-date=2008-08-09
)), ''The New York Times'', Susan Sachs, 28 July 2003.
* [http://www.religionnewsblog.com/18329/mouride-brotherhood Sect follows different brand of Islamic law]. Reuters, May 22, 2007.
* [http://www.touba-internet.com/bmb_martyr.htm Timeline of the events of Ahmadou Bamba's life] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214185910/http://www.touba-internet.com/bmb_martyr.htm |date=2008-02-14 )) from touba-internet.com.
* Cheikh Anta Babou . Fighting the Greater Jihad: Amadu Bamba and the Founding of the Muridiyya of Senegal, 1853–1913. Ohio University Press  (2007)  ((ISBN|978-0-8214-1766-9))
* ((cite journal |last1=Coulon |first1=Christian |title=The Grand Magal in Touba: A Religious Festival of the Mouride Brotherhood of Senegal |journal=African Affairs |date=1999 |volume=98 |issue=391 |pages=195–210 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008007 |jstor=723626 ))
* John Glover. Sufism and Jihad in Modern Senegal: The Murid Order (Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora). University of Rochester Press (2007) ((ISBN|978-1-58046-268-6))
* ((cite journal |last1=Kaag |first1=Mayke |title=Mouride Transnational Livelihoods at the Margins of a European Society: The Case of Residence Prealpino, Brescia, Italy |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |date=March 2008 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=271–285 |doi=10.1080/13691830701823848 |s2cid=143014899 ))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070514150151/http://www.afrology.com/soc/mourid.html ''Le Mouridisme'' by Pape N'Diaye, on afrology.com]
* ((cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=David |title=French 'Islamic' Policy and Practice in Late Nineteenth-Century Senegal |journal=The Journal of African History |date=1988 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=415–435 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700030565 |jstor=182350 |s2cid=155037183 ))
*Sheik Ahmadu Bamba:  Selected Poems.  Edited and translated by Sana Camara.  Brill Press, 2017.  Forthcoming April 2017. ((ISBN|9789004339187))
* Abdou Seye, Des hommes autour du Serviteur de l'Envoyé - Aperçu biographique de disciples de Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba, Édition 1438 h / 2017

==External links==
((commons category|Ahmadou Bamba))
* ((in lang|fr)) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110817053959/http://www.at-tawhid.net/article-le-wird-son-role-et-son-but-ahmad-bamba-50887248.html The wird, its role and purpose by Shaykh Ahmadu Bamba (at-tawhid.net)]
* [http://www.toubatoulouse.org Toubatoulouse.org to download khassaides, audio sounds and pictures]
* [http://www.daaraykamil.com The Online Murid Library (DaarayKamil.com)]
* [http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/paradise/tour.htm Passport to Paradise: Sufi Arts of Senegal and Beyond]: exhibition and educational program from the Fowler Museum of Cultural History of the University of California at Los Angeles.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613144520/http://www.mouride.com/ Mouride.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070528021421/http://www.daaramouride.asso.ulaval.ca/ daaramouride.asso.ulaval.ca]
* [http://www.majalis.org/ Majalis.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606165743/http://www.cheikhahmadoubamba-nonviolence.com/ La Non Violence de Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba]
* [http://www.murid.net/ International Sufi School Khidmatul Khadim]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070906040808/http://www.intlpeace.org/lit-bamba.htm Article on Shaykh Ahmadou Bamba as Peacemaker]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070609080732/http://freespace.virgin.net/ismael.essop/ Official Home Page of the Muridiyya Khidmatul Khadim School]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070630151246/http://www.au-senegal.com/art_en/religion.htm A modest tribute from Tidjani Négadi (Oran University, Algeria)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080905094611/http://blogs.princeton.edu/graphicarts/2008/03/amadou_bamba_day_in_little_sen.html A rare book bridging NY and Touba, Senegal by Peter Bogardus.]
* [http://www.daaraykamil.com/massalik-en.pdf Ways Unto Heaven by Ahmadou Bamba, translation by Abdoul Aziz Mbacke]
* [http://www.africanafrican.com/folder13/african%20and%20african%20american%20history/Cheikh%20Anta%20Diop/jihad-for-peace-pdf.pdf Jihad For Peace, about Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba, by Abdoul Aziz Mbacke]

((Islam in Senegal))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Bamba, Amadou))
[[Category:1853 births]]
[[Category:1927 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Touba, Senegal]]
[[Category:People of French West Africa]]
[[Category:Islam in Senegal]]
[[Category:Islamic mysticism]]
[[Category:Senegalese Muslim pacifists]]
[[Category:Islam in the Gambia]]
[[Category:Senegalese Sufi religious leaders]]
[[Category:Senegalese Sufis]]
[[Category:Sufism in Africa]]
[[Category:Wolof-language writers]]
[[Category:Legion of Honour refusals]]
[[Category:Founders of Sufi orders]]
[[Category:Founders of religions]]
[[Category:City founders]]

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