The Prussian provinces of Kurhessen and Nassau (excluding the various exclaves belonging to them and the districts of Oberwesterwald, Unterwesterwald, Unterlahn, and Sankt Goarshausen)
In addition, Bremen and Bremerhaven (including the districts of Wesermünde, Osterholz und Wesermarsch until December 1945) were part of the zone and played a central role as the port through which the occupation zone was supplied.
At the end of October 1946, the American Zone had a population of:
Berlin was divided in four between the four occupying powers. The southwestern portion (Zehlendorf, Steglitz, Schöneberg, Kreuzberg, Tempelhof, Neukölln) was the American sector and came under US military administration, but was formally separate from the American occupation zone.
The four Allied powers coordinated the occupation of Germany through the Allied Control Council, which ceased to operate after the Soviets withdrew from it on 20 March 1948. In 1949, the military administration of the American, British, and French zones was succeeded by the Allied High Commission, which remained in operation until 1955.
The military occupation of the American sector of West Berlin continued until 2 October 1990.
Political organisation
Under "Proclamation no. 2" of 19 September 1945, they announced the intention to organise the territory on a federal model. Between 1945 and 1946, the Americans established four states in their zone: Bavaria, Bremen, Greater Hesse, and Württemberg-Baden, which worked together in the State Council of the American occupation zone [de] (Länderrat). Württemberg-Baden subsequently merged with the states of Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern in the French occupation zone to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952.
On 5 March 1946, the Law for Liberation from National Socialism and Militarism (German: Befreiungsgesetz) came into force in the American zone, providing the model for Denazification throughout the western zones: all Germans over 18 years of age must complete a questionnaire giving an account of their role in Nazi Germany.[3]
On 30 June 1946, the first state Constituent Assembly elections were held (except in Bremen). In Bavaria, CSU won a majority; in Württemberg-Baden, CDU won a plurality, whilst in Greater Hesse, SPD won a plurality. In Bremen, the first elections were held on 13 October 1946, resulting in a SPD majority, but Wilhelm Kaisen still chose to form a coalition with KPD and Bremen's Democratic People's Party (Bremer Demokratische Volkspartei, BDV), a precursor of FDP. Following the passage of state constitutions, new elections were held in Württemberg-Baden on 24 November, resulting in Reinhold Maier (DVP) continuing the all-party (CDU, SPD, DVP, KPD) government, and on 1 December in Bavaria, where CSU won a majority, but Hans Ehard still formed a grand coalition with SPD and WAV, before leading a one-party government from 20 September 1947; and in Hesse, where SPD won a plurality and Christian Stock (SPD) formed a grand coalition with CDU. On 12 October 1947, Bremen held another election, where SPD came four seats short of a majority and thus formed a coalition with BDV, with Kaisen continuing in office.
On 1 January 1947, the American and British occupation zones were combined to form the Bizone. This became the Trizone after the French occupation zone joined on 1 August 1948 and became the Federal Republic of Germany ("West Germany") on 23 May 1949 with the passage of the Basic Law.
Media
Following the complete closure of all Nazi German media, the launch and operation of completely new newspaper titles began by licensing carefully selected Germans as publishers. Licenses were granted to Germans not involved in Nazi propaganda to establish those newspapers, including Frankfurter Rundschau (August 1945), Der Tagesspiegel (Berlin; September 1945), and Süddeutsche Zeitung (Munich; October 1945).
Radio stations were run by the military government. Unlike the French and British zones, which each established a single channel (SWF [de] and NWDR respectively), the Americans established several broadcasters, in line with the system of local radio broadcasters in the United States: Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR, initially Radio München), Radio Bremen, Hessischer Rundfunk (HR, initially Radio Frankfurt), and Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR, initially Radio Stuttgart). The RIAS in West-Berlin remained a radio station under U.S. control.
Transport
From 22 September 1945, there were three long-distance train services operating in the American occupation zone, for the first time since the end of the war. All three routes travelled from Frankfurt am Main and were third class only:[4]
^60 Jahre Die Zeit, Zeitgeschichte 1946–2006. 1. Teil: 1946–1966. p. 4.
^Reichsbahndirektion Mainz (ed.): Amtsblatt der Reichsbahndirektion Mainz (N.F.) of 10 October 1945, No. 9. Memorandum no. 72, p. 61.
^Rainer Humbach, "Bahn der US-Army im Zweiten Weltkrieg" Züge der Alliierten = Eisenbahn-Kurier Special 126. EK.Verlag, Freiburg 2017. ISBN978-3-8446-7019-6, pp. 6–15 (15).
John Gimbel: Amerikanische Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland 1945–1949. S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971, ISBN3-10-026101-1.
Klaus-Dietmar Henke: Die amerikanische Besetzung Deutschlands. 3rd edition. Oldenbourg, München 2009, ISBN978-3-486-59079-1.
Ralph Willett: The Americanization of Germany, 1945–1949. (Revised edition). Routledge, London 1992, ISBN978-0-41507710-1.
Earl F. Ziemke: The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany, 1944–1946. Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington D.C. 1990 (history.army.mil).
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