Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Beușnița Waterfall in Nera Gorge-Beușnița National Park
Location	(see map)
Reference	1133quater
Inscription	2007 (31st Session)
Extensions	2011, 2017, 2021, 2023

Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe is a transnational serial nature UNESCO World Heritage Site, encompassing 93 component parts (forests of European beech, Fagus sylvatica) in 18 European countries.^[1][2][3] Together, the sites protect the largest and least disturbed forests dominated by the beech tree. In many of these stands (especially those in the Carpathians), these forests here were allowed to proceed without interruption or interference since the last ice age. These sites document the undisturbed postglacial repopulation of the species.^[1]

Carpathian region

The Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians include ten separate massifs located along the 185 km (115 mi) long axis from the Rakhiv mountains and Chornohora ridge in Ukraine over the Poloniny Ridge (Slovakia) to the Vihorlat Mountains in Slovakia. The Ancient Beech Forests of Germany include five locations, cover 4,391 hectares and were added in 2011.

The Carpathian site covers a total area of 77,971.6 ha (192,672 acres), out of which only 29,278.9 ha (72,350 acres) are part of the actual preserved area, while the rest is considered a "buffer zone". Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians cover areas of Zakarpattia and Prešov Regions. Over 70% of the site is located in Ukraine. The area includes two national parks, and some habitat controlled areas, mostly in Slovakia. Both national parks, along with a neighboring area in Poland, compose a separate biosphere reserve, the East Carpathian Biosphere Reserve. Besides Havešová, Rožok, and Stužica (all of them located in Bukovské vrchy), there is a fourth component situated in Slovakia, named Kyjovský prales of Vihorlat. Ukrainian locations include Chornohora, Kuziy-Trybushany, Maramarosh,^{[n 1]} Stuzhytsia–Uzhok, Svydovets, and Uholka–Shyrikyi Luh. Only a few of the ten components are accessible to visitors. Stužica is the only one of three locations in Bukovské vrchy (Slovakia) with available hiking trails. In 2017, UNESCO extended the site, adding forests in Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Italy, Romania, Slovenia, and Spain.^[4] In 2021 UNESCO extended the site again adding forests in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czechia, France, Italy, North Macedonia, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland.^[5]

The last intact virgin forest in the temperate latitudes of Europe is to be found in the Carpathians. Trees can live to a hundred years old in these forests, providing an important habitat for organisms such as mushrooms, moss, lichen, insects, rare birds (e.g. capercaillie and black grouse) and mammals (e.g. bats, brown bear, wolf and lynx). Large parts of the forest in the Romanian part of the Carpathians have been lost due to deforestation. The pressure on timber as a resource may increase due to international demand and European companies may start large-scale felling in neighbouring Ukraine. Currently unprotected areas of virgin forest can be permanently preserved in the Ukrainian Carpathians by expanding and reinforcing conservation areas. In the Ukrainian Carpathians there are nine national parks and two biosphere reserves. There is a general ban on tree felling in coniferous forest areas above 1,100 metres. If park administrations are shown to work, management of larger, previously unprotected areas of virgin forest to preserve them on a permanent basis, may occur. There are roughly 100,000 additional hectares of forest which could be integrated into the existing conservation areas.^[6]

List of component parts

Poloniny

Vihorlat

Chornohora

Kuziy-Trybushany

Maramarosh

Stuzhytsia – Uzhok

Svydovets

Uholka – Shyrokyi Luh

Grumsin

Hainich

Jasmund

Kellerwald

Serrahn

Lumi i gashit

Rrajca

Dürrenstein-Lassingtal

Kalkalpen

Sonian Forest

Central Balkan

Hajdučki i Rožanski Kukovi

Paklenica

Abruzzo, Lazio & Molise

Pollino

Foresta Umbra

Monte Cimino

Monte Raschio

Sasso Fratino

Cheile Nerei-Beușnița

Codrul Secular Șinca

Codrul Secular Slătioara

Cozia

Domogled - Valea Cernei-

Groșii Țibleșului

Izvoarele Nerei

Strâmbu Băiuț

Krokar

Snežnik-Ždrocle

Hayedos de Ayllon

Hayedos de Navarra

Hayedos de Picos de Europa

Gorgany

Roztochchya

Satanіvska Dacha

Synevyr

Zacharovanyi Krai

Prašuma Janj

Jizera Mountains

Chapitre

Grand Ventron

Massane

Valle Infernale

Dlaboka Reka

Bieszczady

Forêt de la Bettlachstock

Valli di Lodano, Busai & Soladino

Location of Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests (component clusters) in Europe

The component parts included in the site as of December 2023 are:^{[1][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][2][3][15]}

* Only boundary modification.

Udava (Bukovské Vrchy, Slovakia) was created by modifying the boundary of Stužica before. Falascone (Italy) in turn was named previously Umbra Forest (Foresta Umbra).^[13][14][2]

This is a transnational serial nature UNESCO World Heritage Site, encompassing 94 component parts (forests) in 18 European countries.^[1][2] The total area of component parts is 98,125.15 ha (242,472.5 acres), including buffer zones 392,846.02 ha (970,743.7 acres). The largest total area of component parts is in Ukraine and Romania – 54% total (41% including buffer zones).

Forms of protection

Component parts of this property overlap more or less with various protected areas like national parks, nature reserves, Natura 2000 network.^{[16][17][18][11][13][19][20]}
Abbreviations:
C – count of component parts in a given cluster
N – overlapping with Natura 2000 areas

Tentative list

This forest is placed on the World Heritage Tentative list as a proposal for the expansion of the Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe site:

Montenegro^[21]

• Virgin Forest Reserve in NP Biogradska Gora

Serbia^[12]

• Fruška gora, Kopaonik, Tara

Gallery

• 
  Forest in Stuzica
• 
  Havešová
• 
  Stužica
• 
  Freshwater stream in Stužica
• 
  Stužica
• 
  Dlaboka Reka