Anthony Clement McAuliffe | |
|---|---|
 McAuliffe in 1969 | |
| Nickname(s) | "Old Crock",[1] "Nuts" |
| Born | July 2, 1898 Washington, D.C., United States |
| Died | August 10, 1975 (aged 77) Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States |
| Buried | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/ | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1918–1956 |
| Rank | General |
| Service number | 0-12263 |
| Unit | Field Artillery Branch |
| Commands held | |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | |
| Alma mater | USMA at West Point, Class of 1919 |
Anthony Clement "Nuts" McAuliffe (July 2, 1898 – August 10, 1975) was a senior United States Army officer who earned fame as the acting commander of the 101st Airborne Division defending Bastogne, Belgium, during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II. He is celebrated for his one-word reply to a German surrender ultimatum: "Nuts!"
After the battle, McAuliffe was promoted and given command of the 103rd Infantry Division, which he led from January 1945 to July 1945. In the post-war era, he was commander of United States Army Europe.
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McAuliffe was born in Washington, D.C., on July 2, 1898 to a family of Irish heritage.[2] He attended West Virginia University from 1916 to 1917. He was a member of the West Virginia Beta chapter of Sigma Phi Epsilon Fraternity during his time at West Virginia University. He enrolled at West Point in 1917. McAuliffe was part of an accelerated program and graduated shortly after the end of World War I, in November 1918.[2]
During this time, he visited Europe for a short time and toured several battlefields. Assigned to field artillery, he graduated from the Artillery School in 1920. For the next 16 years, McAuliffe carried out typical peacetime assignments. By 1935, he had been promoted to the rank of captain. Later, he was chosen to attend the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth. In June 1940, McAuliffe graduated from the United States Army War College. Just before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, he was promoted again, temporarily becoming a lieutenant colonel with the Supply Division of the War Department General Staff. While in this position, McAuliffe supervised the development of such new technology as the bazooka and the jeep.[1]
Brigadier General McAuliffe commanded the division artillery of the 101st Airborne Division when he parachuted into Normandy on D-Day. He also landed by glider in the Netherlands during Operation Market Garden.[3]
In December 1944, the German army launched the surprise attack that became the Battle of the Bulge. Major General Maxwell D. Taylor, commander of the 101st Airborne Division, was attending a staff conference in the United States at the time. During Taylor's absence, McAuliffe commanded the 101st and its attached troops. At Bastogne, the 101st was besieged by a far larger force of Germans under the command of General Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz.[4]
On December 22, 1944, von Lüttwitz dispatched a party, consisting of a major, a lieutenant, and two enlisted men under a flag of truce to deliver an ultimatum. Entering the American lines southeast of Bastogne (occupied by Company F, 2nd Battalion, 327th Glider Infantry), the German party delivered the following to Gen. McAuliffe:[4]
To the U.S.A. Commander of the encircled town of Bastogne.
The fortune of war is changing. This time the U.S.A. forces in and near Bastogne have been encircled by strong German armored units. More German armored units have crossed the river Ourthe near Ortheuville, have taken Marche and reached St. Hubert by passing through Hompre-Sibret-Tillet. Libramont is in German hands.
There is only one possibility to save the encircled U.S.A. troops from total annihilation: that is the honorable surrender of the encircled town. In order to think it over a term of two hours will be granted beginning with the presentation of this note.
If this proposal should be rejected one German Artillery Corps and six heavy A. A. Battalions are ready to annihilate the U.S.A. troops in and near Bastogne. The order for firing will be given immediately after this two hours term.
All the serious civilian losses caused by this artillery fire would not correspond with the well-known American humanity.
The German Commander.
According to those present when McAuliffe received the German message, he read it, crumpled it into a ball, threw it in a wastepaper basket, and muttered, "Aw, nuts". The officers in McAuliffe's command post were trying to find suitable language for an official reply when Lieutenant Colonel Harry Kinnard suggested that McAuliffe's first response summed up the situation well, and the others agreed. The official reply was typed and delivered by Colonel Joseph Harper, commanding the 327th Glider Infantry, to the German delegation. It was as follows:
To the German Commander.
NUTS!
The American Commander.
The German major appeared confused and asked Harper what the message meant. Harper said, "In plain English? Go to hell."[5] The choice of "Nuts!" rather than something earthier was typical for McAuliffe. Captain Vincent Vicari, his personal aide at the time, recalled that "General Mac was the only general I ever knew who did not use profane language. 'Nuts' was part of his normal vocabulary."[6]
The artillery fire did not materialize, although several infantry and tank assaults were directed at the positions of the 327th Glider Infantry. In addition, the German Luftwaffe attacked the town, bombing it nightly. The 101st held off the Germans until the 4th Armored Division arrived on December 26 to provide reinforcement.
For his actions at Bastogne, McAuliffe was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by General Patton on December 30, 1944[7] with official orders processed on January 14, 1945.[8] He later received the Army Distinguished Service Medal twice, the Silver Star and the Legion of Merit.[9]
Immediately after Bastogne, McAuliffe was promoted to major general and given command of the 103rd Infantry Division on January 15, 1945, his first divisional command assignment, which he retained until July 1945. Under McAuliffe, the 103rd reached the Rhine Valley, March 23, and engaged in mopping up operations in the plain west of the Rhine River. In April 1945, the division was assigned to occupational duties until April 20, when it resumed the offensive, pursuing a fleeing enemy through Stuttgart and taking Münsingen on April 24. On April 27, elements of the division entered Landsberg, where Kaufering concentration camp, a subcamp of Dachau, was liberated. The 103rd crossed the Danube River near Ulm on April 26. On May 3, 1945, the 103rd captured Innsbruck, Austria, with little to no fighting. It then seized the Brenner Pass and met the 88th Infantry Division of the U.S. Fifth Army at Vipiteno, Italy, thereby joining the Italian and Western European fronts.[10]
Following the war, McAuliffe held many positions, including Chief Chemical Officer of the Army Chemical Corps, and G-1, Head of Army Personnel. He returned to Europe as commander of the Seventh Army in 1953, and Commander-in-Chief of the United States Army Europe in 1955.[11] He was promoted to four-star general in 1955.[1][12]
While still in the service, McAuliffe attended the premiere of Battleground in Washington D.C. on November 9, 1949.[13] The film did not depict McAuliffe directly, but did show a scene of the Germans presenting their surrender demands and their confusion on receiving McAuliffe's reply.
In 1956, McAuliffe retired from the army. He worked for American Cyanamid Corporation from 1956 to 1963 as vice president for personnel. He began a program to teach employees to maintain contact with local politicians. The company subsequently required all branch managers to at least introduce themselves to local politicians.[14] McAuliffe also served as chairman of the New York State Civil Defense Commission from 1960 to 1963.[citation needed]
After his retirement from American Cyanamid in 1963, McAuliffe resided in Chevy Chase, Maryland, until his death on August 10, 1975, age 77. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.[15][16]
| Insignia | Rank | Component | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| No insignia | Cadet | United States Military Academy | June 14, 1917 |
 |
Second lieutenant | National Army | November 1, 1918 |
 |
First lieutenant | National Army | September 29, 1919 |
|
Second lieutenant | Regular Army | December 15, 1922 |
|
First lieutenant | Regular Army | May 20, 1923 |
 |
Captain | Regular Army | May 1, 1935 |
 |
Major | Regular Army | July 1, 1940 |
 |
Lieutenant colonel | Army of the United States | September 15 (effective September 18), 1941 |
 |
Colonel | Army of the United States | February 1, 1942 |
 |
Brigadier general | Army of the United States | August 8, 1942 |
|
Lieutenant colonel | Regular Army | December 11, 1942 |
 |
Major general | Army of the United States | January 3, 1945 |
|
Brigadier general | Regular Army | January 24, 1948 |
|
Major general | Regular Army | September 27, 1949 |
 |
Lieutenant general | Army of the United States | August 1, 1951 |
 |
General | Army of the United States | March 1, 1955 |
|
General | Regular Army, Retired | May 31, 1956 |
McAuliffe's decorations include the following:
 Basic Parachutist Badge with three combat jumps
|
 Airborne Glider Badge
|
|
Distinguished Service Cross |
  |
Army Distinguished Service Medal with bronze oak leaf cluster |
|
Silver Star |
|
Legion of Merit |
 |
Bronze Star Medal with bronze oak leaf cluster |
|
Army Presidential Unit Citation |
|
Legion of Honour (Commandeur) |
_-_ribbon_bar.png){kind=small}
|
French Croix de guerre with Palm |
|
Belgian Croix de guerre with Palm |
|
Netherlands Bronze Lion Medal |
|
Distinguished Service Order with clasp |
|
Belgian Order of Leopold (Commandeur) |
|
Order of the Oak Crown (Commandeur) |
The central square of Bastogne, Belgium, is named Place Général McAuliffe. A Sherman tank, pierced by a German 88 mm shell, stands in one corner.[23]
A southern extension of Route 33 in eastern Northampton County, Pennsylvania, completed in 2002,[24] was named the Gen. Anthony Clement McAuliffe 101st Airborne Memorial Highway.[25]
The new headquarters building for the 101st Airborne Division, which opened in 2009 at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, is named McAuliffe Hall.[26]
A room at the Thayer Hotel at West Point has been dedicated to General McAuliffe.[27]
