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The anti-deprivation rule (also known as fraud upon the bankruptcy law) is a principle applied by the courts in common law jurisdictions (other than the United States)[a] in which, according to Mellish LJ in Re Jeavons, ex parte Mackay,[1] "a person cannot make it a part of his contract that, in the event of bankruptcy, he is then to get some additional advantage which prevents the property being distributed under the bankruptcy laws." Wood VC had earlier observed[b] that "the law is too clearly settled to admit of a shadow of doubt that no person possessed of property can reserve that property to himself until he shall become bankrupt, and then provide that, in the event of his becoming bankrupt, it shall pass to another and not to his creditors."[2]

General scheme

It arises from the general principle (known as the "rule against repugnancy" in property law) that a grantor may not derogate from his own grant by giving an absolute interest in an asset and then providing for it to be clawed back otherwise than for fair value in stated eventualities, including (but not limited to) bankruptcy and winding up.[3] This is considered to consist of several branches:

Belmont Park Investments Pty Ltd v BNY Corporate Trustee Services Ltd and Lehman Brothers Special Financing Inc observed that the general principle consists of two subrules — the anti-deprivation rule and the pari passu rule, which are addressed to different mischiefs[6] — and held that, in borderline cases, a commercially sensible transaction entered into in good faith should not be held to infringe the first rule.[7] The relationship between the two rules was expanded upon later by Longmore LJ in Lomas v JFB Firth Rixson Inc:[8]

96. The relationship between the anti-deprivation principle and the pari passu rule is both dependant and autonomous. The former is concerned with contractual arrangements which have the effect of depriving the bankrupt estate of property which would otherwise have formed part of it. The pari passu rule governs the distribution of assets within the estate following the event of bankruptcy. It therefore invalidates arrangements under which a creditor receives more than his proper share of the available assets or where ... debts due to the company on liquidation were to be dealt with other than in accordance with the statutory regime.[9]

In 2012, the Chancery Division, in assessing the football creditors rule, held that it was valid and did not violate either the anti-deprivation rule or the pari passu rule. In his judgment, Richards J, relying on Belmont Park, declared:[10]

  • the anti-deprivation rule applies from the commencement of administration
  • the pari passu principle comes into play only if the purpose of the insolvency procedure is to effect a distribution
  • if a transaction has the effect of depriving a company of an asset in order to distribute it among some only of the creditors otherwise eligible to participate in a distribution, it offends both principles
  • if the deprivation occurs on the company going into administration, only the anti-deprivation principle will be engaged

Aspects of the rule

With respect to the anti-deprivation rule, Patten LJ has observed that "the individual bankrupt or insolvent company may not contract at any time, either before or after the making of the bankruptcy or winding-up order, for its property subsisting at that date to be disposed of or dealt with otherwise than in accordance with the statute."[11] It is argued that this rule can therefore be subdivided into two branches: the "insolvency-triggered deprivation" rule looks to disposals, and the "contracting out" rule to dealings.[12] These subrules target two distinct strategies that a debtor might pursue:[12]

  1. it could favour a nominated party on insolvency could either provide for a specific insolvency-triggered deprivation of its assets in favour of that party (being assets that would otherwise be available for distribution on the debtor's insolvency), or
  2. it could agree to more attractive contractual set-offs or netting arrangements, thus avoiding the distribution rules that would otherwise apply to the debtor's property.

All these anti-avoidance rules are, however, subject to the very large exception that creditors remain able to jump up the priority queue, through the creation of a security interest.

Scope of application

Certain types of arrangements are not considered to offend the rule:

  • limited and determinable interests and licences[13]
  • preemption provisions in articles of association[14]
  • provision for termination on winding up of interest annexed to membership status[14]

Other types are normally considered to offend:

  • provision for divestment of ownership of an asset on winding up[15]
  • vesting clauses in building contracts (which vest the builder's materials in the building's owner upon the builder's liquidation)[16]
  • sale with provision for retransfer on winding up (where the seller did not reserve title until payment)[16]
  • increase in a company's contractual obligation on winding up[16]

Contracting out

This case arises infrequently, but it did so notably in British Eagle International Air Lines Ltd v Compaigne Nationale Air France.[17] Several principles arise from it:[18]

  1. It is irrelevant that the parties did not intend to achieve an insolvency advantage, or that the arrangement is long-standing, or has always represented the relationship between the parties, or is a static arrangement involving no insolvency trigger which changes the arrangement between the parties.
  2. It is crucial that the company is in insolvency proceedings, and that it has assets that need to be dealt with under those proceedings. What is then important is the effect of the impugned arrangement on the treatment of the insolvent's assets on its insolvency.
  3. If the impugned arrangement does not determine the distribution of the insolvent's assets, but defines the very asset which is the subject of the insolvency proceedings, then the transaction is generally safe.

In Lomas v JFB Firth Rixson Inc[8] it was argued that certain provisions in standard form ISDA Master Agreement might offend against the rule; specifically that if an Event of Default (as defined) suspended the right of the Defaulting Party to receive payment indefinitely, then that would mean that if the Non-Defaulting Party went into liquidation, the operating effect of the provision was to deprive the company's creditors of assets as a consequence of it going into liquidation. However the Court of Appeal considered the principles outlined in Belmont Park Investments Pty Ltd v BNY Corporate Trustee Services Ltd,[6] and held that "If this is the touchstone then it is difficult to see how Section 2(a)(iii) of the Master Agreement can be said to offend against the anti-deprivation principle. ... There is no suggestion that it was formulated in order to avoid the effect of any insolvency law or to give the non-defaulting party a greater or disproportionate return as a creditor of the bankrupt estate."[19]

Insolvency deprivation

This subrule has been described by Cotton LJ as holding that "there cannot be a valid contract that a man's property shall remain his until his bankruptcy, and on the happening of that event shall go over to someone else, and be taken away from his creditors."[20] This is considered to be a true anti-deprivation rule,[5] and several issues arise from it:[21]

  1. It is legitimate for courts to intervene on the grounds of public policy, even in areas primarily governed by statute.
  2. If the arrangement breaches the insolvency-deprivation rule, then it is void.
  3. the party's insolvency must trigger the deprivation. The rule does not catch arrangements which prevent property ever reaching the insolvent's hands[c] Equally, deprivations caused by some other event – any other event – are not touched by this rule[d]
  4. The rule only concerns arrangements entered into by the insolvent.
  5. It is irrelevant that the asset being deprived was acquired by way of gift rather than for valuable consideration.
  6. As in the "contracting out" cases, it is irrelevant that the provision was "always a term of the contract", rather than a post-acquisition initiative that effected a deprivation triggered by insolvency.

The Canadian courts have extended this further, declaring that termination clauses that are triggered where non-payment of obligations is indirectly caused by the debtor's insolvency should be deemed to have been caused by the insolvency.[24]

Application in other jurisdictions

Canada

In October 2020, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld a decision of the Alberta Court of Appeal which affirmed that the anti-deprivation rule existed as part of the common law in Canada.[25] The SCC departed from the UK Supreme Court's judgment in Belmont Park, in holding that an effects-based test must be used in applying the rule, as that was a logical consequence of the requirement of Canada's Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act that the bankrupt's property must "immediately pass to and vest in the trustee".[26]

Further reading

Notes

  1. ^ which has its own statutory rules barring ipso facto clauses in the event of bankruptcy
  2. ^ relying on Higinbotham v Holme (1812) 19 Ves Jun 88, 34 ER 451 (6 May 1812)
  3. ^ Such as with effective retention of title agreements, Quistclose trusts, or purchase money security interests.
  4. ^ In particular, deprivations caused by pre-insolvency disposal of assets, or by deprivation or forfeiture clauses that are not triggered by the party’s own insolvency, are all untouched by the insolvency-deprivation rule, as in Newitt (deprivation triggered by default)[22] and Detmold (deprivation triggered by alienation).[23]

References

  1. ^ (1873) LR 8 Ch App 643
  2. ^ Whitmore v Mason (1861) 2 J&H 204, 70 ER 1031 (18 November 1861)
  3. ^ a b Goode 2011, p. 218.
  4. ^ Worthington 2010, p. 32.
  5. ^ a b Worthington 2010, p. 33.
  6. ^ a b Belmont Park Investments PTY Ltd v BNY Corporate Trustee Services Ltd & Anor [2011] UKSC 38 at par. 1, [2012] 1 AC 383 (27 July 2011)
  7. ^ Belmont Park, par. 79
  8. ^ a b Lomas v JFB Firth Rixson Inc [2012] EWCA 419 (3 April 2012)
  9. ^ Lomas, at para 96.
  10. ^ "Pari passu rule on insolvency clarified and limited" (PDF). Linklaters. 29 May 2012., discussing HM Revenue and Customs v The Football League Ltd & Anor [2012] EWHC 1372 (Ch) at para. 73–104 (25 May 2012)
  11. ^ Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd v BNY Corporate Trustee Services Ltd & Anor [2009] EWHC 1912 (Ch) at par. 113, [2010] Ch 347 (28 July 2009)
  12. ^ a b Worthington 2011, p. 27.
  13. ^ Goode 2011, p. 220.
  14. ^ a b Goode 2011, p. 223.
  15. ^ Goode 2011, p. 225.
  16. ^ a b c Goode 2011, p. 226.
  17. ^ [1975] 1 WLR 758
  18. ^ Worthington 2010, pp. 32–33.
  19. ^ Lomas, at paragraph 87.
  20. ^ Ex parte Jay, In re Harrison (1880) 14 Ch D 19, at 26
  21. ^ Worthington 2010, pp. 33–35.
  22. ^ Ex parte Newitt, re Garrud (1880) 16 Ch D 522
  23. ^ In re Detmold (1889) 40 Ch D 585
  24. ^ Anthony Alexander (2013-06-06). "Beware Contractual Provisions triggered (even indirectly) by a Party's Insolvency". McCarthy Tétrault. Archived from the original on 2015-02-18. Retrieved 2013-11-04., discussing Aircell Communications Inc. v. Bell Mobility Cellular Inc., 2013 ONCA 95 (14 February 2013), which extended upon C.I.B.C. v. Bramalea Inc., 1995 CanLII 7420 (13 December 1995), Superior Court of Justice (Ontario, Canada)
  25. ^ Capital Steel Inc v Chandos Construction Ltd, 2019 ABCA 32 (29 January 2019)
  26. ^ Chandos Construction Ltd v Deloitte Restructuring Inc, 2020 SCC 25 at par. 30 (2 October 2020), citing Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. B-3, s. 71
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