Apollodorus of Damascus
Apollodorus of Damascus, bust from 130/140 AD in the Glyptothek
Born
Damascus, Roman Syria, Roman Empire
OccupationArchitect
BuildingsBasilica Ulpia, Trajan's Forum, Temple of Trajan, The Pantheon

Apollodorus of Damascus (Ancient Greek: Ἀπολλόδωρος ὁ Δαμασκηνός)[1] was an architect and engineer from Roman Syria, who flourished during the 2nd century AD.[2][3][4] As an engineer he authored several technical treatises, and his massive architectural output gained him immense popularity during his time.[5] He is one of the few architects whose name survives from antiquity, and is credited with introducing several Eastern innovations to the Roman Imperial style, such as making the dome a standard.

Early life

Apollodorus was born in Damascus, Roman Syria. Sources refer to him as ethnically Nabatean,[6][7] although other sources refer to him as Greek.[8][9] Little is known of his early life, but he started his career as a military engineer[10] before meeting future emperor Trajan in Damascus, then being summoned to Rome by him when he was a consul in 91 AD, after his twentieth birthday,[11] and later accompanying him during the Second Dacian War in 105 AD.[12]

Work

Apollodorus was Trajan's favored architect and engineer. He designed and oversaw the construction of the Forum, Markets, Temple of Trajan, and Trajan's Column (the first monument of its kind), and the Stadium of Domitian within the city of Rome. Outside the capital, Apollodorus built bridges across the Danube and the Tagus in Spain and designed the triumphal arches of Trajan at Benevento and Ancona.[13] He is the author of Siege Engines (Πολιορκητικά), dedicated to an unnamed emperor, likely Trajan.[13]

The monumental Danube Bridge of Apollodorus. Apollodorus himself stands in the foreground behind the sacrificing emperor.[14]

Style

Fiorella Festa Farina, Director of the Italian Institute of Culture in Damascus, described the technical prowess of Apollodorus as stemming from his cultural roots and the architectural tradition of Syria, modes of thought."[sentence fragment][15] He was known for his practical and robust designs. It was likely due to his influence that domes became a standard element in Roman architecture.[16]

Death

Cassius Dio reports that Apollodorus offended Hadrian by dismissing and ridiculing the emperor's forays into architecture, which led to his banishment and death (although doubts have been raised concerning the veracity of Dio's claim).[17]

In literature

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Apollodorus of Damascus plays an important role in the later part of the historical novel Empire by Steven Saylor. The (fictional) protagonist Marcus Pinarius, a talented young sculptor and architect, becomes Apollodorus' protege, accompanies him during the war in Dacia and on various building projects in Rome, and later marries Apollodorus' daughter. After Apollodorus' banishment, Pinarius takes his place as the favorite architect of Hadrian. While all that is fictional, the book follows the known facts of Apollodorus' life (and accepts the account of his death at Hadrian's hands).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "ΛακουσΚούρτιος • Προκόπιου Καισαρέως Περὶ Κτισμάτων". penelope.uchicago.edu.
  2. ^ George Sarton (1936), "The Unity and Diversity of the Mediterranean World", Osiris. 2: 406-463 [430]
  3. ^ Giuliana Calcani, Maamoun Abdulkarim (2003), Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan's Column: From Tradition to Project, L'Erma di Bretschneider, p. 11, ISBN 88-8265-233-5, ...focusing on the brilliant architect Apollodorus of Damascus. This famous Syrian personage represents...
  4. ^ Hong-Sen Yan, Marco Ceccarelli (2009), International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings of HMM 2008, Springer, p. 86, ISBN 978-1-4020-9484-2, He had Syrian origins coming from Damascus
  5. ^ "Apollodorus of Damascus". Oxford Reference.
  6. ^ Masi, F.; Stefanou, I.; Vannucci, P. (2018-10-01). "On the origin of the cracks in the dome of the Pantheon in Rome" (PDF). Engineering Failure Analysis. 92: 587–596. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.06.013. ISSN 1350-6307. S2CID 55614581.
  7. ^ Forty, Simon; Forty, Jonathan (2022-01-14). Limits of Empire: Rome's Borders. Casemate. ISBN 978-1-63624-077-0.
  8. ^ Palmer, Allison Lee (2016-05-26). Historical Dictionary of Architecture. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-6309-3.
  9. ^ Dunstan, William E. (2010-11-16). Ancient Rome. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-6834-1.
  10. ^ Greek and Roman Military Writers, Routledge, 2004
  11. ^ Abdulkarim 2003, p. 35.
  12. ^ Engineers: From the Great Pyramids to Spacecraft, Dorling Kindersley Limited, 2017
  13. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
  14. ^ Giuliana Calcani, Maamoun Abdulkarim (2003), Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan's Column: From Tradition to Project, L'Erma di Bretschneider, p. 55, ISBN 88-8265-233-5
  15. ^ Apollodorus of Damascus And Trajan's Column, Maamoun Abdulkarim, L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2003, p. 9
  16. ^ Adam, Jean-Pierre (1994). Roman Building: Materials and Techniques. Routledge. p. 189.
  17. ^ R. T. Ridley (1989), "The Fate of an Architect, Apollodoros of Damascus", Athenaeum. 67: 551-65.

References

External links

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