The appointment of Church of England diocesan bishops follows a somewhat convoluted process, reflecting the church's traditional tendency towards compromise and ad hoc solutions, traditional ambiguity between hierarchy and democracy, and traditional role as a semi-autonomous state church. (Suffragan bishops are appointed through a much simpler process, reflecting their status as directly responsible to their diocesan bishop.)
Since 1976, when a diocesan bishop (including those of the 42 English dioceses and the Bishop of Sodor and Man but not the Bishop in Europe)[1] dies, retires or moves on and leaves a diocesan bishopric vacant, the process of replacing them involves several stages. The first of these involves the diocesan Vacancy-in-See Committee, composed of:
The committee produces a "Statement of Needs" assessing the needs of the diocese. It then sends this statement to the Crown Nominations Commission (known until 2003 as the Crown Appointments Commission), which consists of:
Beyond these fourteen voting members, the Prime Minister's Appointments Secretary and the archbishops' appointments secretary meet with the commission and help supply it with information on possible candidates. Normally the archbishop in whose province the vacancy lies chairs the commission.
When meeting to nominate an archbishop, the commission is chaired by a fifteenth voting member, who must be an "actual communicant lay member of the Church of England". The fifteenth voting member is appointed by the prime minister (if an Archbishop of Canterbury is being appointed) or by the Church of England Appointments Committee (if an Archbishop of York).
The commission meets several times in secret. The commission then forwards two names to the prime minister, who chooses one of them, or (exceptionally) requests additional names from the commission. In recent memory, the only prime minister who has not accepted the commission's preferred candidate was Margaret Thatcher, who opposed Jim Thompson’s nomination as Bishop of Birmingham, due to his (perceived) liberal and left-leaning views. Since 2007 the convention has been that the prime minister will choose the first-named recommendation.[2] If the chosen individual accepts the office, the prime minister advises the Sovereign, who then formally nominates the prime minister's choice. Thereafter, the diocese's College of Canons meets to 'elect' the new bishop.
Following the election, the new bishop must be confirmed in office (called the confirmation of election). A provincial ceremony takes place where the bishop-elect swears an oath. During the ceremony, the appropriate archbishop confers the spiritualities of the see on the bishop-elect, who then takes office (i.e. it is the confirmation by which the person legally takes up the See and become bishop, and thereby vacates their previous ecclesiastical office).[3] At a later point, the monarch confers the temporalities of the see, which formerly included vast church estates and the bishop's residence, but which have now become more limited. If the bishop has never previously received consecration as a bishop, they must be consecrated; both the confirmation of election and episcopal consecration (if any) generally take place to suit the archbishop's convenience and always on a Principal Feast or Festival of the Church year. Episcopal consecrations normally happen in York Minster for a bishop of the northern province, or, for a bishop of the southern province, in Canterbury Cathedral or one of the great churches or cathedrals in London (such as St Paul's or Southwark Cathedral), or Westminster Abbey.
Finally, a symbolic ceremony of installation or enthronement takes place in the bishop's new cathedral, during which they are welcomed by their new diocese and first sits in their cathedra.
In July 2007, shortly after taking office as Prime Minister, Gordon Brown released a green paper outlining several proposed reforms of the Prime Minister's ability to exercise traditional Royal Prerogative powers. Among these were several which could affect Church of England appointments, including those of diocesan bishops. The proposed scheme would see (in future) a single name emerge from the Crown Nominations Commission, rather than two, which the Prime Minister would simply pass along to the King. Furthermore, the role of the Prime Minister's appointments secretary would be reduced or even eliminated.[4] It was agreed that from 2007 the first-named candidate would be selected by the prime minister, unless a change in circumstances meant that candidate could no longer accept the post.[2]