April 4, 1968: The assassination of Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.The balcony outside Room 306April 11, 1968: President Johnson signs Civil Rights Bill of 1968April 20, 1968: FBI identifies King's accused assassin
American bombers halted further aerial bombardment of those portions of North Vietnam that were north of the 20th parallel, an area which included Hanoi and Haiphong. Missions would continue for the remainder of the country, between the 17th parallel and 20th parallel.[1]
The 249th and final original episode of The Andy Griffith Show was aired on CBS, two days after Andy Griffith's retirement was revealed to the general public.[4] The final episode was a pilot for Mayberry R.F.D., with the focus on Ken Berry in his fourth appearance as "Sam Jones". Griffith would make a final appearance as Andy Taylor in the series premiere of Mayberry R.F.D..[5]
Died:Lev Davidovich Landau, 60, Soviet physicist and Nobel Prize laureate, died of complications from injuries sustained in a car accident six years earlier.[6]
Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin firebombed two department stores in Frankfurt-am-Main in West Germany, attacking the Kaufhaus Schneider store and the Kaufhol store in the early morning hours after the stores had closed. They were arrested two days later, but would be released in 1969 and form the Baader-Meinhof Gang with Ulrike Meinhof.[7]
Our Lady of Zeitoun, a Marian apparition, was first witnessed. The apparition of the Virgin Mary was seen on the roof of the Church of Saint Mary, a Coptic Christian church in the Zeitoun section of the Egyptian capital, Cairo, and would continue to return for several months.[9]
Two days after U.S. President Lyndon Johnson announced his interest in beginning peace talks to end the Vietnam War, North Vietnam's official government radio station responded that "The North Vietnamese government declares its readiness to send its representatives to make contact with U.S. representatives to decide with the U.S. side the unconditional cessation of bombing and all other war acts... so that talks could begin."[13]
In the United States, NBC broadcast a television special in which British singer Petula Clark appeared with Harry Belafonte as her guest. An innocent, affectionate gesture between the two during a song (Clark touched Belafonte on the arm) had prompted concern from the show's sponsor (Chrysler Corporation) due to the difference in their races.
At the request of Mayor Henry Loeb of Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. District Judge Bailey Brown issued a temporary restraining order to prohibit Martin Luther King Jr.'s plan to lead a march of 6,000 men through Memphis on April 8. King announced that he would ignore the order, telling the press "We are not going to be stopped by Mace or injunctions or any other method that the city plans to use."[15] King's attorneys appeared in court the next morning for a hearing to set aside the injunction.[16]
King delivered his final speech, later known as "I've Been to the Mountaintop", in the Masonic Temple in Memphis, in what was later described as "in many respects, a summary of the cause to which King had dedicated his life"[17] and "An eerie prescience of his death".[18] Commenting about a prior stabbing and about threats to his life, he asked "What would happen to me from some of our sick white brothers? Well, I don't know what will happen now... But it really doesn't matter with me now, because I've been to the mountaintop."
American civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated as he stood on a balcony at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis. King and his associate, Ralph Abernathy, had been staying at Room 306 of the motel. James Earl Ray had rented a room at a boarding house that had a view of the motel. At 6:01 in the evening, King was preparing to go to dinner with his associates and was walking back into the room to get his overcoat. At that moment, Ray allegedly fired a single shot from a .30-06 rifle, and the bullet struck King in the neck. King was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital and pronounced dead at 7:05. The powerful figure, described as a weapon of non-violence, died at the age of 39.[21][22][23]
U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy went ahead with a rally in Indianapolis, where he gave a short but powerful speech that is sometimes credited with having limited the rioting that would be seen in many other American cities immediately following the assassination.[24][25]
Apollo 6
NASA launched the uncrewed Apollo 6 from Cape Kennedy at 7:00 a.m. as the second test flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle. The rocket propelled a mockup of the 28-ton CSM (Command/Service Module) and the 17-ton Apollo Lunar Module into earth orbit, but the premature shutdown of two second stage engines and the overcompensation of other engines put the vehicles into an altitude "110 miles too high" and consumed most of the fuel that would have been necessary to propel the craft out of Earth orbit and to the Moon. "If the Apollo 6 had carried men," an AP report noted, "a mission to the moon would have been aborted."[26] The craft re-entered the atmosphere almost 10 hours after its launch; the USS Okinawa recovered it in the Pacific Ocean.[27][28]
Jozef Lenárt, who had been Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia since 1963, resigned along with his cabinet in the wake of the reforms of the Prague Spring. The Central Committee of the Czechoslovakian Communist Party asked Lenart to step down at an evening meeting, where its members took an unprecedented vote by secret ballot. The Central Committee appointed Deputy Prime Minister Oldrich Cernik to succeed Lenart.[30]
In protest against the lack of an aerial display to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Royal Air Force four days earlier, and as a gesture against the British government, Flight Lieutenant Alan Pollock of No. 1 Squadron RAF flew a jet fighter under the top span of Tower Bridge, making an unauthorized display flight in a Hawker Hunter and marking the first jet flight under the bridge.[32] Pollock was arrested upon his return to base,[33] and was subsequently retired from the RAF for health reasons.[34]
Rioting broke out in Chicago after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on the previous day, leading to 11 deaths and more than 2,000 arrests.[35][36] Violence was reported in 41 cities in the U.S., with fatalities in Chicago, Washington, Detroit, New York, Minneapolis, Memphis, and Tallahassee.[37] By Sunday, there would be 85 cities hit by violence, 30 people killed, and at least 2,000 injured.[38]
At the instigation of Governor Spiro Agnew, Maryland National Guard troops were activated in anticipation of rioting in Baltimore and suburban Washington, DC.[39] On April 14, Agnew declared the state of emergency in Baltimore over and stood down the National Guard.[40]
A double explosion in downtown Richmond, Indiana killed forty-one people and injured over 100.[43] The initial blast at 1:45 p.m. was from a leaking natural gas pipe at East Main and South 6th Street. The resulting fire at a sporting goods store and gun shop then caused the explosion of gunpowder stored in the basement, and spread to three other businesses at the intersection.
HemisFair, a six-month World's Fair to celebrate the nations of the Western Hemisphere, opened as scheduled in San Antonio, Texas to coincide with the city's 250th anniversary. The exposition lost six million dollars, but the construction that it generated would help spur the growth of San Antonio from 650,000 residents to nearly 1.5 million, the seventh most populated city in the United States.[46] The 750-foot (230 m) tall Tower of the Americas still remains from the original fair.
Jim Clark, 32, Scottish racing driver and twice racing world champion, was killed while competing in the 1968 Deutschland Trophäe, a Formula 2 auto race, at the Hockenheimring in West Germany. Clark was driving at top speed on a straightaway during the rain when he lost control.[49] His Lotus-Ford 48 suddenly veered off the track and flipped into trees in an adjacent forest, and Clark died instantly from a broken neck and multiple skull fractures.[50]
A national day of mourning for Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. took place in the United States. Nina Simone dedicated her performance at Westbury Music Fair to Dr. King. Written for the occasion by Gene Taylor, the song "Why? (the King of Love Is Dead)" was performed for the first time.
All 36 people on board LADECO Airlines Flight 213 were killed when the Chilean Douglas C-49K crashed into a mountain as it was making its approach to the city of Coyhaique on a flight from Santiago.[52][53]
Five people aboard BOAC Flight 712 were killed in a fire after the Boeing 707 lost an engine following takeoff from London Heathrow Airport.[54] Despite a successful emergency landing, the fire spread, although another 122 people survived. Among the injured were diplomat Katriel Katz and singer Mark Wynter. Flight attendant Barbara Jane Harrison, who remained on the plane to evacuate most of its passengers to the escape chute, was killed in the fire and would posthumously receive the George Cross for her heroism. Chief Steward Nevile Davis-Gordon would be awarded the British Empire Medal for Gallantry.[55] Air traffic controller John Davis would be made a Member of the Order of the British Empire.
By a 6-2 decision in the case of United States v. Jackson (390 U.S. 570), the U.S. Supreme Court voided a law making kidnapping a capital offense. Since 1932, the Federal Kidnapping Act, better known as the "Lindbergh Law", had provided for the death penalty if the perpetrator had failed to let the victim go free.[57]
What would eventually (in 1983) become Martin Luther King Jr. Day was first proposed, just four days after the civil rights leader was assassinated. U.S. Senator Edward W. Brooke of Massachusetts originally suggested that January 15 become an annual holiday.[58] It is now observed on the third Monday of January every year.
U.S. Army Captain Max Cleland, who would later become the U.S. Administrator of Veterans Affairs and then a U.S. Senator for Georgia, was seriously wounded during the Battle of Khe Sanh as a victim of friendly fire. A carelessly handled grenade exploded behind him after one of his soldiers dropped it, and Cleland required the amputation of both legs above the knee, and his right forearm. Cleland would pursue a career in government service despite his disability.[61]
Funeral services were held in Atlanta for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., beginning with a private service for family and friends at Ebenezer Baptist Church, where King and his father had both served as senior pastors. Those attending included Mahalia Jackson, who sang King's favorite hymn, "Take My Hand, Precious Lord". Afterward, a 3-mile (4.8 km) procession, observed by an estimated 150,000 people, was made to Morehouse College, King's alma mater, for a public service.[62]
Mrs. Lorraine "Loree" Bailey, the co-owner of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis and the inspiration for its name,[63] died at the age of 58. Mrs. Bailey had suffered a stroke just 2½ hours after King's assassination.[64]
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) made its first humanitarian aid flight to aid Biafra, arriving and departing by night on a poorly-lit airstrip. During the first three months of bringing supplies to relieve famine and disease in the west African area, the ICRC made one flight per week, for 13 in all.[65]
Fifty-three people were killed when the New Zealand inter-island ro-roferryTEV Wahine struck Barrett Reef at the mouth of Wellington Harbour. The disaster came in the wake of Cyclone Giselle, which created the windiest conditions ever recorded in New Zealand. Reportedly, most of the 691 survivors from the ferry "were saved by a Dunkirk-like flotilla of small boats which put out into the tumultuous seas" to effect the rescue.[67]
Jacobus J. Fouché was inaugurated to complete a 7-year term as the second President of South Africa in Cape Town, and rode in a post-inaugural military parade that took place despite a downpour.[68] He would serve until February 21, 1975.[69]
Rudi Dutschke, the leader of the West German left-wing movement (APO), was seriously wounded in an assassination attempt by Josef Bachmann, who shot Dutschke twice in the head outside the Socialist German Student Union (Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund, or SDS) offices on the Kurfürstendamm in West Berlin.[70] Dutschke survived after emergency surgery, but would suffer seizures for the rest of his life and would die of his brain injuries 11 years later.[71]
German left-wing students blockaded the Springer Press HQ in Berlin and many were arrested, including Ulrike Meinhof, who would found the Baader-Meinhof Gang.[72]
U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which included the Fair Housing Act as its Title VIII section, into law. For the first time, it was a violation of federal law for a homeowner to refuse to sell or rent a dwelling to a person based upon race, color, religion, or national origin.[73] A day earlier, the bill had been approved by the U.S. House of Representatives, 250 to 172, after clearing the U.S. Senate, 71–20, on March 11.[74]
Tampa, Florida, became the first city to rename a street as a legacy to Martin Luther King Jr., with the city council voting unanimously "to change the name of Main Street, between North Boulevard and MacDill Avenue to Dr. Martin Luther King Boulevard in honor of the assassinated Negro leader."[75]
The Passover Seder was celebrated in the city of Hebron ten months after Israel had acquired the territory in the Six-Day War, and for the first time since the 1929 Hebron massacre.[78] Over 40 Orthodox Jews gathered at the Al-Naher Al-Khaled Hotel (as the guests of the Palestinian Arab hotel owner, Fahed Al-Qwasmeh) after Rabbi Moshe Levinger had advertised the gathering in a newspaper advertisement. Although Israeli General Uzi Narkiss had granted Levinger's party permission to enter the Palestinian city on the agreement that they would depart the next day, the group hoisted the Israeli flag over the hotel and announced their plans to stay in town permanently. After moving from the hotel to a military compound on the edge of Hebron, the increasing number of Israeli settlers would establish Kiryat Arba, a permanent settlement on the West Bank, in 1970.[79]
Golf's Masters Tournament was won by one stroke by Bob Goalby, even though he and Roberto De Vicenzo had both made 277 strokes on 72 holes. On the par-4 17th (and penultimate) hole, De Vicenzo had made a birdie (one stroke under the par-4, or three strokes overall), but his golfing partner, Tommy Aaron, had written "4" on the scorecard and added the score to 66. De Vicenzo then signed the card without noting the error, and rather than heading to an 18-hole playoff to break a 277–277 tie with Goalby, De Vicenzo was deemed under Masters Tournament rules to have finished in second place. Argentina-born De Vicenzo was a good sport about the loss by a technicality, and, in acknowledging that he had signed the scorecard without looking at it, commented to reporters, "What a stupid I am!".[85]
A nova of the star LV Vul, located within the region of the constellation Vulpecula, was observed on Earth for the first time. English astronomer George Alcock spotted the event nine months after he discovered Nova Delphini (HR Del) in 1967. The peak magnitude of LV Vul (4.8) would be observed on April 21.[86]
Infiltrators from North Korea crossed the demilitarized zone into South Korea and ambushed a United States Army truck carrying six soldiers about 800 yards away from Panmunjom, killing two Americans and two South Koreans. The other two occupants, both American, survived.[87]
The Soyuz test spacecraft Kosmos 212 was launched by the Soviet Union. The next day, Kosmos 213 was launched and the two uncrewed ships were linked together by remote commands from the Soviet Union.[88]
The New York Mets and the Houston Astros went into extra innings in a game at the Astrodome, summarized by the headline in The Sporting News, "24 Innings, Six Hours, One Run".[89] The game ended at 1:37 on Tuesday morning when Mets' shortstop Al Weis let a ground ball roll between his feet with the bases loaded, permitting the Astros' Norm Miller to score the winning run for the 1–0 victory. By then, less than 1,000 of the 14,219 paid customers were still watching.[90]
The Memphis sanitation strike, which had brought Martin Luther King Jr. to the site of his assassination, ended after 65 days with an agreement between the city of Memphis, Tennessee and its 1,300 garbage collectors. The men's right to organize a labor union took effect immediately, and effective May 1, sanitation workers, were to see a 10 cent per hour increase in their wages, which ranged from $1.65 to $2.10 per hour.[92]
In a speech before the National Space Club in Washington, AAP Director Charles W. Mathews stated that, beyond the goal of landing on the Moon, NASA's overall plan for human space exploration comprised "a balanced activity of lunar exploration and extension of man's capabilities in Earth orbit." The AAP, Mathews declared, contained sufficient flexibility so that it could be conducted in harmony with available resources: "We are also prepared to move forward at an increased pace when it is desirable and possible to do so." He said contingency planning left room for both budgetary and mission goal changes, thus answering congressional criticism that NASA had not provided sufficient flexibility regarding long-term goals.[19]
Fay Bainter, 74, American film actress and Academy Award winner for her supporting role in the 1938 film Jezebel
Albert Betz, 82, German physicist and aerospace engineering pioneer for his developments of wind turbine technology. The Betz limit equation (also known as Betz's law for maximum capture of kinetic energy from wind was discovered by him in 1919.
The FBI identified a suspect in the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., filing a request for an arrest warrant and releasing a photograph of fugitive "Eric Starvo Galt", which would turn out to be an alias for James Earl Ray. The warrant request, filed in Birmingham, Alabama, alleged a conspiracy between Galt "and an individual whom he alleged to be his brother". Following the granting of the warrant, police in Memphis, Tennessee, filed charges of murder against "Galt".[93]
In Gainesville, Florida, Floyd "Sonny" Tillman opened his first Sonny's BBQ restaurant. In the coming years, the chain would expand to over 130 restaurants across eight Southeastern states.[94]
Minnesota insurance agent Ralph Plaisted and three other members of his amateur exploration expedition became the first people to reach the North Pole by an overland route since 1909, and possibly the first ever, after completing a 474-mile, 44-day trip by snowmobiles. Plaisted, Walter H. Pederson, Gerald R. Pitzel and Jean Luc Bombardier (employed by Bombardier Inc. as a technician to service the Bombardier snowmobiles) arrived at the top of the world at 2100 UTC (3:00 p.m. in Minnesota).[96] In later years, as historians came to doubt that Robert Peary's expedition had actually reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909, a historian would note that although "most of the media considered Plaisted's trek more of a stunt than the actual achievement that it was... it was Plaisted, the amateur explorer and insurance salesman from Duluth— and not Robert Peary— who was first to reach the Pole over the pack ice."[97]
Led by Sergeant Major John Amadu Bangura of the Army of Sierra Leone, a group of non-commissioned officers overthrew the military government of General Andrew Juxon-Smith and other members of the National Reformation Council who had staged a coup in 1967.[98] Juxon-Smith and his deputy, Major William Leigh, were arrested and the mutineers set up a 14-member "National Interim Council" chaired by Warrant Officer First Class Patrick Conteh.[99][100] Bangura pledged to restore civilian rule and to invited Sir Henry Lightfoot Boston, who had forced to leave after the 1967 coup, to reassume his role as Governor-General.[101]
In Valdagno (Vicenza) a strike at the Marzotto textile factory, to protest 400 layoffs, became a battle between workers (joined by some students) and police. The protesters knocked over the monument of the company founder, Gaetano Marzotto, and seized the villas of the estate managers. Dozens of protesters and policemen were injured and 42 workers were arrested. A week later, in solidarity with the strikers, most of the Valdagno town council resigns. The episode started the Hot Autumn, a season of hard conflicts in other Italian factories.[103]
Born:Ashley Judd, American actress and political activist; as Ashley Tyler Ciminella in Los Angeles
Died: Major General Ronald Urquhart, 62, British Army officer and former commandant of the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst
British Conservative MP Enoch Powell made what would become known as the Rivers of Blood speech, criticising Commonwealth immigration and anti-discrimination legislation in the Race Relations Bill. Addressing the annual meeting of the West Midlands Conservative Political Centre in Birmingham, Powell did not use the phrase "rivers of blood" but quoted a section of Virgil's Aeneid and said that as he looked ahead, like the Roman author, "I seem to see 'the River Tiber foaming with much blood.'” (Bella, horrida bella, Et Thybrim multo spumantem sanguine), an allusion to a civil war brought on by the decline of an empire.[106]
Pierre Trudeau was sworn in as the 15th Prime Minister of Canada, 48 hours ahead of the originally-scheduled Monday ceremony, in order to "make it possible for the new government to call an election on June 17 and be within the 58 days required by the election machinery".[107] However, Trudeau adjourned his first cabinet meeting without taking action before the 7:00 p.m. deadline.[108][109]
The FBI placed the name of James Earl Ray, whom it had initially identified as "Eric Starvo Galt", on its "Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" List. The link to Ray, described as "a habitual criminal and escapee from the Mississippi State Prison", was made after a comparison of fingerprints at the scene to records of more than 53,000 convicted criminals.[110] Since nobody was removed from the list, the naming of Ray marked the second time in FBI history that there were 11 people on the 10-person list.[111] Four days later, the list would return to 10 after the arrest of fugitive Howard Callens Johnson.[112]
MGM's classic film The Wizard of Oz made its NBC debut after having been telecast on CBS since 1956. It would remain on NBC for the next 8 years.[113]
Born:
Yelena Välbe, Russian Olympic cross-country skier, gold medalist in 1992, 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics and winner of five consecutive world championships; in Magadan, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Enoch Powell was dismissed from the Shadow Cabinet by Opposition leader Edward Heath as a result of his "Rivers of Blood" speech of the previous day, despite several opinion polls suggesting that many of the public shared Powell's anti-immigrant views.[115] Heath, a future Prime Minister, said in a statement that "I have told Mr. Powell that I consider the speech he made in Birmingham yesterday to have been racialist in tone, and liable to exacerbate racial tensions. This is unacceptable from one of the leaders of the Conservative Party..."[116][117]
Died: Armando Borghi, 86, Journalist and historical leader of the Italian anarchism
Civilian government was partially restored to the West African nation of Sierra Leone, three days after a coup overthrew the military government, as Chairman Patrick Conteh of the National Interim Council yielded to Chief Justice Banja Tejan-Sie as the nation's acting Governor-General. Tejan-Sie would continue in that role until his dismissal on March 31, 1971.[99]
The Treaty of Tlatelolco, a pledge by most of the nations of the Western Hemisphere agreeing to ban "the testing, use, manufacture, production or acquisition by any means or type" of nuclear weapons within their countries, went into effect. It had been signed in Mexico City on February 14, 1967.[118]
The United Nations Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space, conventionally known as the Rescue Agreement, was signed by the United States, the Soviet Union, and other nations. It would enter into force on December 3, 1968.[119]
The United Methodist Church was established in the United States by the merger of the former Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church.[122] At Dallas Memorial Auditorium, a crowd of 10,000 members of both churches joined hands and repeated the proclamation "Lord of the Church, we are united in Thee, in thy Church, and now in the United Methodist Church".[123] EUBC bishop Reuben Mueller and Methodist bishop Lloyd Wicke led the proclamation ceremony accepting the 307-page Plan of Union.[124]
The Soviet Union made an unsuccessful launch of an uncrewed Zond space capsule that was intended to orbit the Moon as the next step in testing a Soviet crewed lunar mission. Three minutes and 15 seconds after the launch, the Zond's escape system activated inadvertently, shutting down the rocket engines and jettisoning the capsule back to Earth. The vehicle was recovered, intact, 520 kilometres (320 mi) away from the launch site, but the next attempt could not be launched for three months.[125]
Canada's Prime Minister Trudeau asked Governor-General Roland Michener to dissolve Parliament and to schedule a general election for June 25.[126]
By a margin of just 8 votes, the government of France's Prime Minister Georges Pompidou survived a motion of censure on plans to introduce commercial advertising on France's ORTF state-operated television network.[135] At the time, there were 486 members of the Assemblée Nationale, and the motion required at least 244 members to vote in its favor, which would require every one of the 244 opposition members to approve. A coalition of Socialists, Communists and Centrists was able to get 236 votes.[136]
Police in Mexico arrested an American hitchhiker on suspicion that he was the assassin of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Daniel D. Kennedy, of Baltimore, was handcuffed while dining in a cafe in the town of Caborca in the state of Sonora, then brought to Hermosillo for 12 hours of questioning. He was released the next day. A police spokesman told the press afterward that Kennedy "didn't match the photographs" of James Earl Ray "at all".[137] On the same day, a Canadian passport was issued to Ray in the name of Ramon George Sneyd, a Toronto policeman whose identity Ray had stolen.[138]
The 23rd Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain) bicycle race began. It would be won by Felice Gimondi on May 12 after he was the leader at the completion of the 18 stages of the 3,014-kilometre (1,873 mi) race.
Algeria's President Houari Boumedienne survived an assassination attempt. He was being driven away from a cabinet meeting when two assailants fired machine guns at his car, killing one of his bodyguards and causing the President to be struck by flying glass. Police killed the assassins after they fled to the hills overlooking Algiers.[140]
One concept for the space laboratory
NASA published a report containing 18 conceptual designs for the Earth-orbital spacecraftlunar module adapter laboratory prepared by spacecraft design experts of the MSC Advanced Spacecraft Technology Division. One such configuration (pictured) was developed to illustrate the extent to which the building block philosophy could be carried. It would utilize both Gemini and Apollo spacecraft and would require 2 uncrewed launches and 10 crewed logistic launches.[19]
Donald Davidson, 74, American poet, author, and proponent of racial segregation
Anna Maria Mussolini, 38, daughter of Benito Mussolini. She had been disabled by polio since childhood. In order not to be identified with the Fascist era, she had attempted to start a career as a radio host under a nickname.
Siaka Stevens was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Sierra Leone, taking the office to which he had been elected in 1967 before a military coup, and restoring Sierra Leone to civilian rule. In 1971, Stevens would become the nation's first President when his nation became a republic.[142]
An estimated 200,000 college and high school students in New York City failed to show up for school after a call for a nationwide protest by the Student Mobilization Committee To End the War In Vietnam,[143] but, as contemporary accounts noted "outside of New York City, it appeared that only small numbers of students were taking part in the activities"[144] and "most schools across the country reported normal or near-normal activities".[145] More than 20 years later, a historian would claim that "the largest student protest in the nation's history occurred as more than one million high school and college students boycotted classes to show their disdain for the war."[146]
The Abortion Act 1967 came into effect in the UK, legalizing abortion on a number of grounds, with the abortions paid by the National Health Service.[147] The law required an agreement by "two registered medical practitioners" that the risk to the life or to the physical or mental health of the pregnant woman would be "greater than if the pregnancy was not terminated" or if there was a substantial risk that the unborn child would be seriously handicapped.[148]
Surgeons at the Hôpital de la Pitié in Paris, began the first heart transplant operation to be performed in Europe, and the seventh in the world. A three-man surgical team, led by Dr. Christian Cabrol, began the surgery after 23-year-old Michel Gyppaz died of brain injuries received in an automobile accident, and completed it nine hours later. The recipient, Clovis Roblain, suffered damage during the operation after a decrease in the supply of blood and oxygen to his brain.[149] He never regained consciousness and died 51 hours after receiving the new heart.[150][151]
U.S. Vice President Hubert Humphrey formally announced that he would seek the Democratic Party nomination to run for President of the United States. Humphrey committed to the run during a speech to supporters at the Shoreham Hotel in Washington, and American television networks interrupted their regular programming to show the speech live.[153][154]
Five athletes on the track and field team of Lamar University in Texas were killed, along with their coach and a pilot, when their twin-engine Beechcraft airplane crashed near Beaumont and exploded.[157] The group was returning home after competing the day before at the Drake Relays outdoor event in Des Moines, Iowa.[158]
The musical Hair, with music by Galt MacDermot and lyrics by Gerome Ragni, opened on Broadway, at the Biltmore Theatre, and would run for 1,873 performances.[160]
New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller announced that he would challenge frontrunner Richard M. Nixon for the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States.[162]
Officers of the NYPD retook control of five occupied buildings on the campus of Columbia University, arrested 720 demonstrators, and ended the strike that had closed the institution.[163]
The deployment of the 27th U.S. Marine Regimental Landing Team brought the number of Marines stationed in Vietnam to four less than 86,000. The 85,996 U.S. Marines represent the peak of that service branch's presence in the Vietnam War.[165]
Died: Clovis Roblain, 65, died less than six hours after receiving the first heart transplant performed in Europe.[166]
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^Risen, Clay (2009). "April 5: 'The Occupation of Washington'". A nation on fire: America in the wake of the King assassination. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-0-470-17710-5. Long before rioting broke out in Baltimore, Governor Spiro Agnew and his staff worried that their biggest threat came from Washington; at 11:00 P.M. on Friday, he alerted the Maryland National Guard and called General George Gelston to duty, deploying him not to Baltimore but to the state armory in Silver Spring, a D.C. suburb. The Guard even had an emergency plan, Operation Tango, for riots that spread north from the District.
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^"Kidnaping Death Law Is Altered— Supreme Court Cuts Clause In Lindbergh Statute", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 9, 1968, p2
^"'King Day' Urged By GOP Senator", Pittsburgh Press, April 9, 1968, p1
^Bulletin, Problems of Drug Dependence (National Research Council, 1969) p5660
^Douglas Valentine, The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America's War on Drugs (Verso Press, 2004), p1
^James Reston, Jr., A Rift in the Earth: Art, Memory, and the Fight for a Vietnam War Memorial (Skyhorse Publishing, 2017)
^"Dr. King Is Buried in Atlanta After Outpouring of Tributes". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 10, 1968. p. 1.
^Levy, Peter B., ed. (2015). "Lorraine Motel". The Civil Rights Movement in America: From Black Nationalism to the Women's Political Council. ABC-CLIO. p. 189.
^"Stroke Fatal To Wife Of King Hotel Owner". Pittsburgh Press. April 10, 1968. p. 3.
^Stremlau, John J. (2015). The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. Princeton University Press. p. 208.
^"150 Feared Dead As Ferry Sinks", Pittsburgh Press, April 10, 1968, p1
^"New President for South Africa", Des Moines Tribune, April 10, 1968, p4
^"South Africa, Republic of" in Heads of States and Governments: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Over 2,300 Leaders, 1945 through 1992, ed. by Harris M. Lentz (Routledge, 2013) p692
^"'Red' Rudi Shot in Berlin", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 12, 1968, p6
^"Arizona Gets London Bridge", Pittsburgh Press, April 18, 1968, p4
^"4 Explorers Sitting 'On Top Of World'", Pittsburgh Press, April 20, 1968, p3
^Charles Officer and Jake Page, A Fabulous Kingdom: The Exploration of the Arctic (Oxford University Press, 2012)
^"Mutinous Troops Take over in Sierra Leone", Arizona Republic (Phoenix), April 19, 1968, p2
^ ab"Sierra Leone, Republic of" in Heads of States and Governments: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Over 2,300 Leaders, 1945 through 1992, ed. by Harris M. Lentz (Routledge, 2013) p679
^"NCOs seize power", The Age (Melbourne), April 20, 1968, p2
^"Civilian rule 'soon'", The Age (Melbourne), April 22, 1968, p2
^Shariat, Sheryll; Mallonee, Sue; Stephens-Stidham, Shelli (December 1998). "Oklahoma City Bombing Injuries"(PDF). Injury Prevention Service, Oklahoma State Department of Health. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2014-05-18. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
^"Student Sit-In Closes Columbia U. Campus", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 25, 1968, p2
^Catherine Reef, Education and Learning in America (Infobase Publishing, 2010) p240
^Oshebeng Alpheus Koonyaditse, The Politics of South African Football (African Books Collective, 2010) p33
^"IOC Excludes South Africa", Pittsburgh Press, April 24, 1968, p67
^Riccardo Brizzi, Charles De Gaulle and the Media: Leadership, TV and the Birth of the Fifth Republic (Springer, 2017) p257
^"Gaullists Barely Survive Assembly Censure Bid", The Courier-Journal (Louisville KY), April 25, 1968, p2
^"Mexico Frees King Suspect", Pittsburgh Press, April 25, 1968, p1
^William F. Pepper, The Plot to Kill King: The Truth Behind the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. (Skyhorse Publishing, 2016)
^Deletant, Dennis (1989). "Literature and Society in Romania Since 1948". Perspectives on Literature and Society in Eastern and Western Europe. Springer. p. 137.
^"2 Assassins Slain, Algerian Chief Safe". Pittsburgh Press. April 25, 1968. p. 1.
^"'BIGGEST' H-BLAST ROCKS VEGAS— Underground Jolt Felt 100 Miles Off", Pittsburgh Press, April 26, 1968, p1
^The Statesman's Year-Book 1973/1974, ed. by John Paxton (Macmillan Press, 1973) p467
^"Students Protest Racism, War", Associated Press report in Lansing (MI) State Journal, April 27, 1968, p1
^"Students Protest War, Racism", Troy (NY) Record, April 27, 1968, p1
^"Student Protest On Viet Fizzles Across Country", Philadelphia Daily News, April 27, 1968, p5
^Margaret A. Blanchard, Revolutionary Sparks: Freedom of Expression in Modern America (Oxford University Press, 1992) p325
^"Abortions Now Legal In Britain", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 25, 1968, p2
^John Keown, Abortion, Doctors and the Law: Some Aspects of the Legal Regulation of Abortion in England from 1803 to 1982 (Cambridge University Press, 2002) pp84-85
^"Brain Damage Is Feared After French Transplant", Arizona Republic (Phoenix), April 30, 1968, p1
^"Heart swap man dies in Paris", The Age (Melbourne), May 1, 1968, p1
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