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Ariano Irpino (until 1930 Ariano di Puglia), or simply Ariano, is a comune (municipality) in the province of Avellino, in the Italian region of Campania. With a territory of 186.74 square kilometres (72.10 sq mi) and a population of 22,535 (2017),[3] it is one of the largest settlements in the Irpinia historical district and the modern province. Located 264 kilometres (164 mi) east-southeast of Rome and 104 kilometres (65 mi) east-northeast of Naples, the comune was granted the official status of città ("city") by a presidential decree of 1952, October 26;[4] it has been recognized as an arts town, too.[5]
Formerly called just Ariano, it was built on three hills, and for that reason it is also known as Città del Tricolle ("City of the Three Knolls"). From the Norman era, but formally only since 1868 to 1930, it was known as Ariano di Puglia. Irpinia is the name given to the area of the Apennine Mountains between Campania and Apulia; the name stems from the Oscan word hirpus, meaning wolf.
Ariano lies in the centre of a fertile but rugged district and has only a few buildings of historical importance, as it was devastated by earthquakes in 988, 1456 and 1732.[6]
Towering over the surrounding countryside, the town was a military position of some importance in the Middle Ages,[6] and it still has a Catholic diocese and retains many public offices and utilities which serve all surrounding smaller towns too. However, many inhabitants reside in farms and still live on agriculture or craftsmanship.
The town is of ancient origin; archaeological evidence points to its continuous settlement from the Neolithic (c. 7th millennium BC) to around 900 BC at La Starza [it] rock site. The foundation of the Roman vicus of Aequum Tuticum, not far from La Starza, was formerly credited to the HirpiniSamnites, although there is no evidence of this (except for the Samnitic Oscan word Tuticum, meaning "public"); in any case, it was only within the Roman Empire that the vicus became the crossroads of the Via Traiana and Via Herculia [it] and Via Aemilia [it] highways. However, soon later Aequum Tuticum dramatically declined following the onset of the barbarian invasions.
As a result of this, the three hills started to be inhabited, a high and easily defendable place, and it is here that Ariano proper was born, a fortified city in a strategic position; however its ancient and formidable defensive walls are hardly recognizable today. In a secure place away from the invasions of the Goths and Byzantines, Ariano is a fortified town of the Lombards. Around 800 the Castle of Ariano [it] was built to defend the city against the Byzantines which, although ruined, still proudly stands in the panoramic Villa comunale [it] city park.
In 1255, Manfred, son of Frederick II, besieged the city, which resisted strongly thanks to its walls and the combative nature of its inhabitants. During the siege, a group of soldiers from Lucera pretended to be deserters from Manfred's army, and were welcomed into the town. During the night, they revealed their identity, sacking and destroying the city with fire, and killing or deporting many inhabitants. There is still a road marking the event, called La Carnale (The Carnage).
More than ten years later, in 1266, Charles I of Anjou rebuilt the city and gave it two thorns of the crown of Christ, still conserved in a reliquary within the Museum of silverware [it], beside the town's Romanesque cathedral. All these events are commemorated every year (in August) in the Rievocazione Storica del Dono delle Sante Spine (Historical Reinvocation of the Gift of the Sacred Thorns) and the reproduction of the Incendio del Campanile (Belltower Burning), a pyrotechnic event that lights the main square of the city and the side of the cathedral.
After the Capetian House of Anjou lost control of Sicily to Peter III of Aragon in the War of the Sicilian Vespers, the city passed to the Provençal family of Sabran from 1294 to 1413; and then into the hands of the Carafa family and the House of Gonzaga. Today are there still in the town buildings that belonged to the Spanish families that governed at the time. On 2 August 1545 the city rebelled against the feudal regime and became a Città Regia (city-state) dependent on the Viceroy of the Kingdom of Sicily.
Culture
Majolica
Ariano Irpino pottery
Ariano is known for the production of majolica, a tin-glazed pottery.[8] The first examples date from the 13th century under the Moorish influence of the Spanish, but Ariano Irpino ceramics [it] became more refined around the 18th century, when the first amphorae and pitchers appear, often simple in the shape, but thinly elaborated. Today's production is even large, including flask, busts, cups, plates, figures, and amphorae. All pieces are splendidly decorated by the craftsmen of Ariano, and often have a fine and elaborate shape.
the Museum of Silverware [it], in the Cathedral, which displays two sacred thorns of the crown of Christ gifted to the town by King Charles I of Anjou in 1269
the Museum "Giuseppina Arcucci", at the Sister's of Holy Spirit's [it].[9]
Research activity
In the town are located CESN [it] (the European Centre of Norman Studies) and BioGeM (Biology and Molecular Genetics in the Mezzogiorno).
Food
Ariano Irpino's country-people produce food from traditional agriculture. Many shops and restaurants offer produce as bread, pasta, pizza, meat, cherries, Irpinia olive oil [it] and Caciocchiato [it], a typical cheese.
Saint Ottone Frangipane Hospital, with the helipad lying in the foreground.
Saint Ottone Frangipane Hospital [it] was built in 1972 as a utility for the Campanian health district No. 1, that includes 29 municipalities with a total population of 87,993.[10]
Actually an ancient Hospitalis pro Peregrinis et Infirmis, along with a pavilion for lepers, was founded thereabout in 1410, but it was relocated in 1731 in the neighboring St. Jacob Palace, where today is the Ceramics Museum's [it] scientific and educational center.
In the north-eastern outskirts of the town there is also the headquarters of MIR (Medicinal Investigational Research), a department of BioGeM University Consortium that is involved in medical and pharmaceutical research.
Transport
A roundabout at the entrance of the town
The SS90 national road [it] connects the town to A16 (Naples-Bari motorway) Grottaminarda junction and A14 (Bologna-Taranto highway) Foggia junction.
From Ariano Irpino railway station [it] (located 6 km away from the town centre), daily trains reach Rome in 3h30, and Bari in 2 hours. The nearest airport is Naples-Capodichino airport, linked to Ariano Irpino by Air busses; these also reach the towns of Avellino, Benevento and Foggia.
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