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((Short description|Municipality in Andalusia, Spain))
((Multiple issues|
((Incomplete|everything but history|date=September 2020))
((More citations needed|date=July 2017))
))
((Use dmy dates|date=July 2022))
((Infobox settlement
| name                    = Arjona
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use ((lang)) instead -->
| settlement_type         = Municipality
| image_skyline           = Plaza Serrano en Arjona.jpg
| image_alt               = Plaza Serrano, Arjona
| image_caption           = Plaza Serrano, Arjona
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = Escudo de Arjona.svg
| shield_alt              = Coat of arms of Arjona
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = 
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = 
| pushpin_map             = Spain#Spain Andalusia#Spain Province of Jaén
| pushpin_map_alt         = Map of Arjona
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location of Arjona
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| coordinates             = ((Coord|37|56|6|N|4|3|25|W|display=inline,title|region:ES-J_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki))
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = ((flag|Spain))
| subdivision_type1       = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous<br/>community]]
| subdivision_name1       = ((flag|Andalusia))
| subdivision_type2       = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[File:Bandera de la provincia de Jaén.svg|23px]] [[Jaén (Spanish province)|Jaén]]
| subdivision_type3       = [[Comarcas of Spain|Comarca]]
| subdivision_name3       = Campiña
| subdivision_type4       = [[Judicial districts of Spain|Judicial district]]
| subdivision_name4       = Andújar
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
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| unit_pref               = Metric
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<!-- square kilometers -->
| area_total_km2          = 154.45
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| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 458
| population_as_of        = ((Spain metadata Wikidata|population_as_of))
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| population_total        = ((Spain metadata Wikidata|population_total))
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = ''Urgabonense'' or ''Arjonero/a''
| timezone1               = 
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| website                 = ((URL|arjona.es))
| footnotes               = 
))

'''Arjona''' is a municipality in the [[Province of Jaén (Spain)|province of Jaén]], [[Andalusia]], Spain. It is located ((convert|44|km|mi)) from the provincial capital, [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]], and ((convert|77|km|mi)) from the city of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]. It has an area of ((convert|158.45|km2|sqmi)), and as of 2017 it had a population of 5,662.<ref name="ine2017">((cite web|title=Jaén: Población por municipios y sexo|language=Spanish|trans-title=Jaén: Population by municipality and sex|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística (National Institute of Statistics, Spain)|access-date=13 November 2018|url=https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=2876))</ref> It belongs to the ''[[Comarcas of Spain|comarca]]'' of Campiña. Its land area is primarily agricultural, with an emphasis on [[olive]] trees. Its economy relies primarily on agriculture and [[olive oil]] production, but it is also known for its furniture and baking industries. Arjona is known as the birthplace in 1194 of [[Muhammad I of Granada|Muhammad I]], founder of the [[Emirate of Granada]].

== History ==
Excavations in Arjona's central square revealed a [[Bronze Age]] settlement from around 3000 BC. [[Phoenicia]]ns and [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] also left their mark on the municipal territory, with the name ''URGABON'' appearing on Greek coins.

During the [[Hispania|Roman Era]], Arjona was known as ''Urgavo'' or ''Urgao Alba''. After [[Julius Caesar]]'s victory at the [[Battle of Munda]] in 45 BC, Urgavo received a privileged juridical statue for its support of Caesar, as did [[Illiturgis]], Isturgis (now [[Andújar]]), and Obulco (now [[Porcuna]]). Inscriptions have been found attesting to the city's importance during the [[Roman Empire]], probably connected to the existence of temples dedicated to [[Augustus]] and [[Pompeia Plotina|Plotina]], the wife of [[Trajan]]. Arjona was one of the first places on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] that was awarded the [[Roman citizenship]] (''Municipium Albium Urgabonense''). In 308, the execution of the brothers and Christian martyrs Saints Bonosus and Maximianus took place in Arjona.

After the 8th century [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania]], Urgavo came to be known as ''Qal'at Arjuna'' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and was controlled by the Banu Bayila family. After the fall of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] in 1031, the city participated in the internal fights of the ''[[taifa]]'' period, during which time its city walls were reinforced. Around the middle of the 12th century, Arjona was taken by the [[Almohad Caliphate]].

In 1195, Arjona was the birthplace of [[Muhammad I of Granada|Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr]], also known as Ibn al-Aḥmar, who would go on to become Muhammad I, the first ruler of the [[Emirate of Granada]] and founder of the [[Nasrid dynasty]]. He was born in the Alcázar, which is now the Hospital of San Miguel and was formerly known as the Casa del Rey. The Almohad Caliphate went into decline after 1212, and [[Al-Andalus]] came under control of [[Ibn Hud]]. In 1232, Muhammad started a rebellion in Arjona against Ibn Hud. Muhammad lost the rebellion, but retained Arjona and Jaén. In the following years, he gained control over several other cities, but in 1244 Arjona was taken by the Christian forces of [[Ferdinand III of Castile]]. In 1246, Muhammad agreed to surrender Jaén as well and accept Ferdinand's overlordship, creating the Emirate of Granada as a [[tributary state]] and becoming its first ruler.

Under Christian rule, Arjona and Jaén were incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Jaén]], a territory of the [[Crown of Castile]]. Arjona was initially managed by the [[Knights Templar]], which was dissolved in 1312, then by the [[Order of Calatrava]] knights.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="155px">
File:Arjona - 008 (30621654032).jpg|alt=A bust statue of Muhammad I in Islamic garb|A bust statue of Muhammad I in Arjona
File:Torre del Cortijo de los Salineros 24J 07.jpg|alt=Olive orchards with Arjona in the distance|Olive orchards with Arjona  in the distance
</gallery>

== References ==
((reflist))

((Municipalities in Jaén))
((authority control))

[[Category:Municipalities in the Province of Jaén (Spain)]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Spain]]

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