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((refimprove|date=January 2013))
[[File:Krebs Portrait 1910-01.jpg|thumb|Arthur Krebs (1850–1935), then managing director of the [[Panhard|Panhard et Levassor]] company in 1910]]
[[File:La france vd66w081t 0 h702q745p.tiff |thumb|right|250px|Artist's depiction of ''La France'', 1884]]
[[File:The 1884 Krebs & Renard first fully controllable free-flights with the LA FRANCE dirigible near Paris (Krebs arch.).jpg|thumb|The 1884 Krebs & Renard first fully controllable free-flights with the LA FRANCE electric dirigible near Paris (Krebs arch.)]]
[[Image:Gymnote1889.jpg|thumb|250px|The ''[[Gymnote]]'' submarine in 1888. Arthur Krebs holds the airing mast. The periscope is visible]]
[[Image:Krebs Electromagnetic-Gear 1896.jpg|thumb|250px|Electromagnetic gearbox from Krebs's car patent of 1896]]
[[File:Artillery Tractor Chatillon-Panhard 1914.jpg|thumb|250px|The four wheel drive and four wheel steering [[Tracteur Panhard-Châtillon]] military truck during the World War I]]

'''Arthur Constantin Krebs''' (16 November 1850 in [[Vesoul]], France – 22 March 1935 in [[Quimperlé]], France) was a French officer and pioneer in automotive engineering.

== Life ==

Collaborating with [[Charles Renard]], Krebs piloted [[Timeline of aviation - 19th century|the first fully controlled free-flight]] made in the French Army [[airship]] ''[[La France (airship)|La France]]'', which was designed in 1884. The flight<ref>[http://rbmn.free.fr/Ballon_photos_10.html electric-powered]</ref> covered ((convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on)) in 23 minutes. The flight landed back at its starting point.<ref>[http://rbmn.free.fr/Dirigeable_LA_FRANCE_1884.HTML the first full round trip flight]</ref> On its seven flights the ''La France'' dirigible returned five times to its starting point.

Krebs and Renard shared the 1886 Ponti prize of the French ''Académie des sciences'' for their contribution to [[aerostation]].

Krebs inspired [[Jules Verne]]. In Verne's 1886 novel [[Voyages Extraordinaires|''Robur The Conqueror'']], he writes of "the striking experiments of Captain Krebs and Captain Renard".

In 1888 Krebs and [[Gustave Zédé]] designed the first modern French submarine, the ''[[Gymnote]]''. The submarine was fitted with the first naval [[periscope]] and the first naval electric [[gyrocompass]]. The latter allowed the ''Gymnote'' to force a naval block in 1890.

From 1884 to 1897 Arthur Krebs modernized the ''Ville de Paris'' fire department; not only its equipment but its organisation as well. His work left a lasting impression in this elite corps.

In May 1896 Arthur Krebs patented a new automobile, fitted with an electromagnetic [[gearbox]] and a layout of the front wheels which re-centred them when the steering wheel was left alone. Today this is known as the [[Castor angle]]. The [[Panhard|Panhard et Levassor]] company acquired a license to build 500 cars under the name of [[Clement-Panhard]] between 1898 and 1902 featuring this innovation.

Krebs succeeded Levassor as Panhard et Levassor's general manager from 1897 to 1916. He transformed the Panhard et Levassor Company into one of the largest and most profitable automobile manufacturers before World War I.

In 1898 Krebs replaced the tiller with an inclined [[steering wheel]] for the Panhard et Levassor car he designed for the Paris-Amsterdam race which ran from the 7 to 13 July 1898. Fernand Charron won that race on a four cylinder Panhard et Levassor.
At the end of 1898, C S Rolls introduced the first car in Britain fitted with wheel steering<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10318524&wwwflag=2&imagepos=13|title = Image of c s rolls sitting in the first car in britain fitted with wheel steering, 1898. By Science & Society Picture Library))</ref> when he imported a 6&nbsp;hp Panhard et Levassor from France.

In 1902 Krebs invented the automatic diaphragm carburettor which gave cars continuous power during acceleration by providing a constant air-fuel ratio at all times; this also led to dramatic improvement in fuel economy.

In 1906 Krebs traveled to the United States to plead in the [[George B. Selden|Selden Case]], associated with [[Henry Ford]].
[[File:1906 Arthur Constantin KREBS testimony during the Selden case.pdf|thumb|page=3|The 1906 Krebs testimony in the Selden case]]

Krebs introduced many improvements in car design: the steering wheel (1898), non-reversible steering (1898), engine balance (1898), nickel steel alloys and other special steel alloys (1901), the shock absorber (1906), multi-disc clutch (1907), the electric brake dynamometer for testing high performance engines (1905), the enveloping (globoid) [[worm gear]] [[Differential (mechanics)|differential]] (1915).

Also, Krebs contributed significantly to improve the [[Systeme Panhard]] (engine in front, rear wheel drive) which became universally adopted before World War II.

In 1909, he became interested in the Knight patent ([[sleeve valve]] engine) and was first in France to build that type of engine which Panhard et Levassor would produce during the thirty years leading up to World War II.

He made contributions to automotive racing with his powerful cars and motorboats.

In 1911 Krebs invented the first elastomeric [[Gear coupling|flexible coupling]] (cf. John Piotrowski). It is known in French as the ''Flector'' joint. This device is still widely used today in industry for power transmission as a ''tyre coupling''.

The truck was meant for military and civil purposes. In 1911, jointly with the Chatillon Co, Krebs designed the ''Tracteur Chatillon-Panhard'' all-terrain truck. The truck had four wheel drive and four wheel steering and many were used during World War I as artillery tractors.

Krebs also utilized his former military membership to supply the French Army with engines and vehicles including the 1904 Genty [[Armored car (military)|Armored car]], the [[St Chamond (tank)|1916 St Chamond tank]], the Chatillon-Panhard 4x4 truck, and others.

In 1960, the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) named [[Krebs Glacier]], a glacier flowing west into the head of Charlotte Bay on the west coast of Graham Land in the Antarctic continent, after Krebs.

==Papers presented to the French ''Académie des sciences''==
*	18 August 1884 – Krebs and Renard : About the "La France" Dirigible.
*	11/10/1884 – Krebs and Renard : The "La France" Dirigible.
*	1888 – Krebs : Closed Magnetic Field system of the Telephone.
*	1888 – Krebs : Electric Engine Trials for a Submarine Boat.
*	1890 – Krebs : The First Electric [[Gyrocompass]] (presented par M. Dumoulin-Froment)
*	24 November 1902 – Krebs : The Automatic [[Carburettor]].
*	13 November 1905 – Krebs : The Electric Dynamometric Brake.
*	15 January 1906 – Krebs : The Progressive Shock Absorber.
*	04/08/1907 – Krebs : The liquid flow measurement apparatus.

In 1934, several months before Arthur Krebs's death, he was made a Commandeur of the [[Legion of Honor]] for his work in Aeronautics and for his contributions to the automotive industry.

==See also==
* [[Airship]]
* [[Blimp]]
* [[Charles Renard]]
* [[Pierre Jules César Janssen]]
* [[Timeline of aviation - 19th century]]
* [[Panhard|Panhard et Levassor]]
* [[St Chamond (tank)|The 1916 St Chamond tank]]
* [[Timeline of hydrogen technologies]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((commons category|Arthur Constantin Krebs))
* ((Internet Archive author |sname=Arthur Constantin Krebs))
* Charles Renard and Arthur Krebs in the [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528024835/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/Beginning_of_the_Dirigible/LTA6.htm US Centennial of Flight Commission]
* [http://rbmn.free.fr/Krebs_EN.html The site dedicated to Arthur KREBS (in English)]
* [http://www.clementpanhard.com/ Clement-Panhard on the Web]
* Hydroplane History : [http://www.lesliefield.com/other_history/development_of_the_high.htm The Development of the High-Speed Launch or Automobile Boat – 1904]
* Jules Verne : [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3808 ''Robur The Conqueror'']

((Use dmy dates|date=October 2013))

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((DEFAULTSORT:Krebs, Arthur Constantin))
[[Category:1850 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Vesoul]]
[[Category:Ballooning]]
[[Category:20th-century French inventors]]
[[Category:French automotive engineers]]
[[Category:Jules Verne]]
[[Category:École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni]]
[[Category:19th-century French inventors]]
[[Category:Arthur Constantin Krebs]]
[[Category:French automotive pioneers]]
[[Category:French inventors]]

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