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((other uses|Arusha Accords (disambiguation)))
((Short description|1993 accords ending the Rwandan Civil War))

((More citations needed|date=July 2009))

((Infobox treaty

| long_name           = Peace Agreement between the government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front
| rep                 =
| image               =
| image_width         =
| image_alt           =
| caption             =
| type                = [[Peace treaty]]
| context             = [[Rwandan Civil War]]
| date_drafted        =
| date_signed         = ((Start date and age|df=yes|1993|08|04))
| location_signed     = [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]]
| date_sealed         =
| date_effective      =
| condition_effective =
| date_expiry         =
| mediators           =
| negotiators         =
| signatories         = 
* ((flagdeco|TAN)) [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]]<br>((small|([[President of Tanzania]])))
* ((flagdeco|AU|2004)) [[Salim Ahmed Salim]]<br>((small|([[Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity]])))
* ((flagdeco|UN)) [[Vladimir Petrovsky]]<br>((small|([[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations|Under-Secretary General Director General of the United Nations Office at Geneva]])))
* ((flagdeco|Rwanda|1962)) [[Juvénal Habyarimana]]<br>((small|([[President of Rwanda]])))
* ((flagicon image|Rwandan Patriotic Front Flag.svg)) [[Alexis Kanyarengwe]]<br>((small|(Chairman of the [[Rwandan Patriotic Front]])))
| parties             = 
* ((flag|Rwanda|1962|name=Rwandese Republic))
* ((flagicon image|Rwandan Patriotic Front Flag.svg)) [[Rwandan Patriotic Front]]
| ratifiers           =
| depositor           =
| depositories        =
| languages           = [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]] 
| wikisource          =
))

The '''Arusha Accords''', officially the '''''Peace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda''' '''and the Rwandan Patriotic Front''''', also known as the '''Arusha Peace Agreement''' or '''Arusha negotiations''', were a set of five accords (or protocols) signed in [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]] on 4 August 1993, by the government of [[Rwanda]] and the rebel [[Rwandan Patriotic Front]] (RPF), under mediation, to end a three-year [[Rwandan Civil War]]. Primarily organized by the [[Organisation of African Unity]] and the heads of state in the [[African Great Lakes]] region, the talks began on 12 July 1992, and ended on 4 August 1993, when the accords were finally signed.<ref>((cite book |last1=Guichaoua |first1=André |title=From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994 |date=2015 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=9780299298203 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KseuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 62–63] |language=en))</ref>

==Agreements==

The Arusha Accords envisioned the establishment of a Broad-Based Transitional Government (BBTG),<ref>((citation | publisher = ULST | place = UK | title = Agreement | url = http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/services/cds/agreements/pdf/rwan1.pdf | access-date = 2008-04-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070713105330/http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/services/cds/agreements/pdf/rwan1.pdf | archive-date = 2007-07-13 | url-status = live )).</ref> which would include the insurgent RPF and the five political parties that had composed a temporary government since April 1992 in anticipation of general elections. The Accords included other points considered necessary for lasting peace: the [[rule of law]], repatriation of [[refugee]]s both from fighting and from power sharing agreements, and the merging of government and rebel armies.

Of twenty-one cabinet posts in the transitional government, the [[National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development]] (MRND), the former ruling party, was given five, including the Defence portfolio. The Rwandan Patriotic Front got the same number, including the portfolio of the Interior and the role of Vice-Prime Minister. The major opposition party, the [[Republican Democratic Movement]] (MDR), was given four posts, including the office of Prime Minister, assigned to [[Faustin Twagiramungu]]. The [[Social Democratic Party (Rwanda)|Social Democratic Party]] and the [[Liberal Party (Rwanda)|Liberal Party]] were each given three portfolios, while the [[Christian Democratic Party (Rwanda)|Christian Democratic Party]] was given one. The Broad Based Transitional Government never materialized. [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] and the MRND stalled the negotiations.<ref>((citation | last = Dallaire | title = Shake Hands with the Devil))</ref>

The Rwandan Patriotic Front was granted participation in the national assembly. It was agreed upon by both parties that RPF troops would not only be allowed to join the national Rwandan army, but make up at least half of the officer positions.<ref>((Cite journal|ssrn = 2123152 |title = The Responsibility to Protect and the Duty to Prevent Genocide: Lessons to be Learned from the Role of the International Community and the Media During the Rwandan Genocide and the Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia|last = Sarkin, Jeremy|first = and Fowler, Carly|date = 2010|journal = Suffolk Transnational Law Review |volume=33 |issue=1))</ref> The Accords also provided for establishment of a military composed of sixty percent government troops and forty percent from the Rwandan Patriotic Front.

It was agreed that the transitional government and national assembly would be established no more than thirty-seven days after the signing of the Accords. The transitional period was limited to twenty-two months, after which general elections would be held.

The delegations signed the protocol on 3 August 1993, and President Habyarimana and RPF president [[Alexis Kanyarengwe]] signed the following day.

==Impact==
Intended as a negotiation for the sharing of power between the rebels and the Rwandan government, the talks produced an agreement that favored the Rwandan Patriotic Front because of disagreements within the government. The government delegation was led by the opposition Foreign Minister, [[List of foreign ministers in 1992|Boniface Ngulinzira]] (MDR), until President Habyarimana replaced him with Defense Minister James Gasana (MRND) in January 1993.<ref>((cite book |last1=Guichaoua |first1=André |title=From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994 |date=2015 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=9780299298203 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KseuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 82] |language=en))</ref> The Arusha Accords stripped many powers from the office of the President, transferring them to the transitional government. In a speech on 15 November 1992, Habyarimana referred to the Arusha Accords as "scraps of paper" and ridiculed his opponents for shunning elections. According to [[André Guichaoua]], this did not reflect opposition to the peace accords as such:

((Quote|Speeches like this coming from the authorities within the MRND toward the latter part of 1992 provoked quite a bit of polemics and were frequently held up to illustrate the presumed refusal of negotiations on the part of the president and his party, the MRND. But this is to make unduly short shrift of the profound communication gap between political leaders confident in their mass appeal and the negotiators in Arusha. The latter, speaking on behalf of the opposition and the rebel army, were busy putting together consensual arrangements intended to unseat an incumbent president supremely confident that he would come out of the electoral process stronger and legitimized anew.<ref>((cite book |last1=Guichaoua |first1=André |title=From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994 |date=2015 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=9780299298203 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KseuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 77] |language=en))</ref>))

The agreement moreover unsettled numerous soldiers who feared an overall demobilization as a consequence of the army merger provision in the agreement. This is a contributory factor in explaining the ensuing genocide the year after.<ref>D. Keen (2002) "Greed & grievance in civil wars", International Affairs, 88:4, pp. 762.</ref>

On 5 October 1993,  the [[United Nations Security Council]] passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 872|Resolution 872]], which established the [[UNAMIR|United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda]] (UNAMIR). Its objective was assistance in and supervision of implementation of the Arusha Accords. The initial [[UN]] presence was 2,548 military personnel, the biggest national contingent being 440 Belgian soldiers. The head of the mission was [[Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh]].

On 6 April 1994, the airplane of Habyarimana and [[Burundi]]an President [[Cyprien Ntaryamira]] (also a Hutu) was [[Assassination of Habyarimana and Ntaryamira|shot down]] as it flew towards the Kigali airport. Responsibility for the attack is a matter of contention, with both the Hutu extremists and the RPF under suspicion. The assassination was a catalyst for the [[Rwandan genocide]]. It was one of several assassinations that occurred with similar political motives as moderates were targeted by the [[Coalition for the Defence of the Republic|CDR]], the hardline faction once part of the [[National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development|MRND]]. Soldiers of UNAMIR were present before, during, and after the violence. The limitations of the UN, due to national sovereignty and the need to remain impartial when conducting Chapter 6 peacekeeping operations, led to the impotence of UNAMIR to do anything more than bear witness to the genocide and protect refugees at a limited number of sites. After 10 Belgian soldiers were killed in April 1994, the Belgian contingent was removed from Rwanda and the size of the mission reduced to around 270 personnel. Belgian soldiers abandoned refugees labelled ibiyitso at the Ecole Technique Officiele, who were then slaughtered by the Interahamwe and other Pawa collaborators. International powers such as France, the UK and the US did not have the political motivation to send troops or financial support for UNAMIR, although many of these countries were able to remove their foreign nationals from danger. The Ghanaian, Tunisian and Bangladeshi UNAMIR soldiers who stayed saved the lives of tens of thousands of refugees at various sites, including Amahoro stadium and Hotel Mille-Collines.

==References==
((Reflist|2))

==Bibliography==
* ((cite book | last =Dallaire | first = Romeo |year=2004 |title=Shake Hands with the Devil| publisher = Carroll & Graf | isbn = 9780786715107 | url =https://archive.org/details/shakehandswithde00dall | url-access =registration ))
* ((cite book | title = A people betrayed: the role of the West in Rwanda's genocide | first = Linda | last = Melvern |edition = ill. | publisher = Zed Books | year = 2000 | isbn =978-1-85649-831-9 ))

==External links==
* [http://peacemaker.un.org/document-search?keys=&field_padate_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_pacountry_tid=Rwanda&field_paconflict_tid%5B%5D=1 Full text of Arusha Accords]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041219011702/http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/words/8.pdf Tracing the roots of the Accords] Details international pressure leading to the Arusha talks, the talks themselves, and their failed implementation.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050527205754/http://www.undercurrentjournal.ca/2004I1%20-%20scorgie.pdf Undercurrent Journal analysis] An argument that the 163 articles of the Arusha Accords could have been adjusted to create a consensus supporting them.
* The [https://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/co_mission/unamir.htm United Nations page on UNAMIR], including the mandate, background, facts and figures, etc.
((Rwandan genocide footer))
[[Category:1993 in Rwanda]]
[[Category:1993 in Tanzania]]
[[Category:Rwandan genocide]]
[[Category:Arusha]]
[[Category:Peace treaties]]

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